Application Report

SNLA044B – January 2000 – Revised April 2013

AN-1031 TIA/EIA-422-B Overview

.....................................................................................................................................................

ABSTRACT
This application report covers topics associated with concerns for implementing a balanced interface
circuit utilizing the TIA/EIA-422-B (formerly RS-422-A) electrical interface standard.

Contents
1 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 2
2 Cable Length and Data Rate .............................................................................................. 2
3 Termination .................................................................................................................. 3
4 Failsafe ....................................................................................................................... 4
5 Configuration ................................................................................................................ 5
6 ESD Protection .............................................................................................................. 5
7 Live Insertion ................................................................................................................ 7
8 By-Pass Capacitors ......................................................................................................... 7
9 Stub Length .................................................................................................................. 8
10 Receiver Power Off Characteristics ...................................................................................... 8
11 Typical Cable Media ........................................................................................................ 9
12 Summary ................................................................................................................... 10
13 References ................................................................................................................. 10

List of Figures
1 Terminated Configuration .................................................................................................. 2
2 Receiver Operating Range ................................................................................................ 2
3 Cable Length Versus Data Rate .......................................................................................... 3
4 Multi-Drop Application With Parallel Termination ....................................................................... 4
5 Types of Failsafe ............................................................................................................ 4
6 Example of Multi-Point Configuration .................................................................................... 6
7 A Point-to-Point RS-422 System With TransZorbs ..................................................................... 6
8 Example of Protected Connectors ........................................................................................ 7
9 Stub Reflections ............................................................................................................. 9
10 Receiver ON/OFF Characteristics ........................................................................................ 9

TransZorbs is a registered trademark of General Semiconductor Industries !nc.

All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners.

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1 Introduction
TIA/EIA-422-B (RS-422) is an industry standard specifying the electrical characteristics of a balanced
interface circuit. Other prefixes are commonly used with the RS-422 standard. These include EIA, EIA/TIA,
and RS; although previously correct, today TIA/EIA is the correct prefix. However, for simplicity, RS-422
wil be used throughout the rest of this application report. Also, a suffix letter denotes the different revisions
of the standard but various prefixes with the same suffix reference the same identical standard.
RS-422 was introduced to solve the limitation problems of single-ended standards like TIA/EIA-232-E.
Single-ended interfaces lack common-mode noise rejection capability; ideal for noisy environments. Also,
data rates are usually limited to less than 0.5 Mbps. A RS-422 interface may be implemented to overcome
these limitations.
A RS-422 driver can drive up to ten unit loads (4 kΩ to circuit common is one unit load). The driver is
capable of transmitting data across 4000 feet (recommended limit) of cable; but not at maximum data
rates (see Figure 3 ). Standard RS-422 drivers are assured to source and sink a minimum 20 mA across a
100 Ω load. This corresponds to a minimum differential output voltage, VOD, of 2 V across the load (see
Figure 1).

Figure 1. Terminated Configuration

The complement RS-422 receiver must be equal to or less than one unit load. This is represented by the
slope of the shaded region in Figure 2. The operating range of the receiver is defined between ±10 V and
is represented by the shaded area in Figure 2.

Figure 2. Receiver Operating Range

Also, RS-422 receivers have a ±200 mV threshold over the entire common mode range of ±7 V. A
differential noise margin ≥1.8 V is assured between the driver's differential output swing and the receiver's
threshold.
RS-422 drivers and receivers are designed for point-to-point and multi-drop configurations but not multi-
point. For multi-drop configurations, a daisy chain is the recommended interface configuration.
Caution, at long distances or high data rates, termination is recommended to reduce reflections caused by
a mismatch in the impedance of the cable and the impedance of the receiver's input. For further
information, see Section 3.
Significantly, the RS-485 differential interface standard is very similar to RS-422. However, there are
differences that distinguish the two standards from one another; which include the output stage of the
driver, the common mode range of the interface, the input resistance of the receiver, and the drive
capability of the driver. For more details concerning the comparison of RS-422 and RS-485, see AN-759
Comparing EIA-485 and EIA-422-A Line Drivers and Receivers in Multipoint Applications (SNLA023).

2 Cable Length and Data Rate

Cable length and data rate have an inverse affect on each other. When operating at either the
recommended maximum cable length or data rate, the other can not be obtained. For instance, it is not
possible to operate at 4000 feet when operating at 10 Mb/s or vice-versa.
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A chart displaying the recommended operational region of a typical RS-422 standard interface is shown in
Figure 3. Other electrical interface standards operating regions are also shown for comparison. The
curves were obtained from empirical data using a 24 AWG, copper, 16 pF/ft, twisted-pair cable parallel
terminated with a 100 Ω load.

Figure 3. Cable Length Versus Data Rate

3 Termination
Termination is recommended for use when designing a RS-422 interface that is considered to be a
transmission line. An interface is considered to be a transmission line if the propagation delay of the cable
is greater than ⅛ the transition (rise or fall) time of the signal. This is a time-domain analysis. The same is
also true in frequency-domain.
For clarification, the transition time for the time-domain analysis is measured from zero to one hundred
percent of the transition. The rising or falling edge may be used for analysis, whichever edge is the
fastest.
Transmission lines may restrict the use of a multi-drop configuration and limit the maximum data rate of
the RS-422 interface.
Transmission line theory will not be discussed in this application report but is useful knowledge. For more
details on transmission line theory, see AN-806 Data Transmission Lines and Their Characteristics
(SNLA026), AN-807 Reflections: Computations and Waveforms (SNLA027), and AN-808 Long
Transmission Lines and Data Signal Quality (SNLA028).

3.1 Parallel Termination

Parallel termination, a very popular form of termination, has the advantage of allowing higher data rates
and longer cable lengths than an interface using some other termination schemes because transmission
line effects are minimized. This is possible because the termination resistor (Rt) is chosen to closely
match the cable impedance (ZO) (see Figure 4). The cable impedance can be obtained from the cable
manufacturer. The cable impedance may also be measured using TDR, time domain reflectometry,
techniques. Additionally, because of the minimized affect of the transmission line, multi-drop configurations
with good signal quality are also possible, as long as the stubs (discussed later) are not transmission lines
themselves.
A disadvantage of parallel termination is the high power dissipation associated with the heavy termination
load. This also leads to a smaller differential output voltage and lower DC noise margins than with a series
termination. Also, if the receiver has built-in failsafe circuitry, a known output can not be ensured with this
type of termination scheme unless the receiver specifically says that it supports “terminated” failsafe. The
cost associated with purchasing the one external component should also be considered.
Other schemes exist to choose from and each type has its advantages and disadvantages. For more
detailed information on parallel and other termination schemes, see AN-903 A Comparison of Differential
Termination Techniques (SNLA034).

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4 Failsafe
For typical RS-422 interfaces, open, terminated, and shorted input are the three types of failsafe to
consider as shown in Figure 5. A receiver with full failsafe protection assures a known receiver output for
all three types failsafe conditions.

4.1 Open Input Failsafe

Open input failsafe is the condition when the receiver's output is known when its inputs are left open or
floating. The driver is not connected but the receiver is powered. A receiver that provides failsafe for an
open input condition, may provide failsafe for idle (driver's output idle) and TRI-STATE (driver's output
disabled) conditions if the bus is not parallel terminated. Therefore, the output state of the receiver may be
known for both idle and TRI-STATE bus conditions in some instances.
A receiver is able to provide open input failsafe with internal pull-up and pull-down resistors, typically >50
kΩ. Sometimes only one bias resistor is used on one input and the other input biased to a voltage
reference point. Note that any receiver that does not have built-in failsafe, may use external pull-up and
pull-down resistors to provide failsafe protection.

Rt = ZO
where:
Rt = termination resistor
ZO = characteristic impedance of cable
Figure 4. Multi-Drop Application With Parallel Termination

4.2 Terminated Input Failsafe

A receiver has terminated failsafe when its output can be determined while its inputs are under terminated
conditions. This must be valid for various types of termination schemes; otherwise the receiver does not
have terminated failsafe. Additionally, terminated idle line and terminated TRI-STATE line conditions
should also be supported. For RS-422 receivers with built-in open input failsafe, the protection circuitry
does not ensure terminated failsafe operation. If a receiver does not have this feature, external bias
resistors may be used to provide terminated failsafe protection. For more information, see AN-847
FAILSAFE Biasing of Differential Buses (SNLA031) that is devoted to this topic.

Figure 5. Types of Failsafe

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4.3 Shorted Input Failsafe

Shorted failsafe is when the receiver output is known when the receiver inputs are shorted together. If a
receiver does not have this type of failsafe, external pull-up and pull-down resistors alone may not help.
However, using an alternate-failsafe termination technique will provide protection. For details about
alternate-failsafe termination, see AN-903 A Comparison of Differential Termination Techniques
(SNLA034).
TI's DS36276 and DS36277 are interface devices that provide all three forms of failsafe protection with no
external components required. To accomplish this, the threshold point of the receiver was shifted, violating
the RS-422 ±200 mV threshold specification.

5 Configuration
For RS-422 interface devices, usually three types of configurations are commonly used.

5.1 Point-to-Point Configuration

First, point-to-point, is a one driver and one receiver system. Point-to-point applications may be thought of
as using single-ended standards like TIA/EIA-232-E because this is the configuration single-ended
standards are popular for. However, differential standards are not restricted from use in point-to-point
applications. A typical point-to-point system is shown in Figure 7.

5.2 Multi-Drop Configuration

The second configuration, multi-drop, is one driver with two or more receivers normally connected in a
daisy chain layout. For RS-422, the maximum number of receivers is 10 if the receiver's input impedance
(RIN) is equal to 4 kΩ or one unit load. If a receiver's RIN is equal to 8 kΩ then that receiver is equal to ½ a
unit load. Therefore, a RS-422 driver that can drive 10 unit loads can drive 20 receivers with a RIN = 8 kΩ.
An example of a multi-drop application is shown in Figure 4.

5.3 Multi-Point
The last type of configuration is multi-point, which uses two or more drivers connected to one or more
receivers (see Figure 6 ). RS-422 drivers are normally not designed into this type of configuration.
However, a multi-point system can be accomplished if certain issues are addressed. The three issues are
ground potential differences between drivers, contention between drivers, and the drive capability of the
drivers. Therefore, RS-485 devices are recommended for multi-point applications.
For further details and illustrations concerning these issues, see AN-759 Comparing EIA-485 and EIA-
422-A Line Drivers and Receivers in Multipoint Applications (SNLA023).

6 ESD Protection
Electrostatic discharge (ESD) is normally an event of very high potential for a short period of time. This
may be damaging to some integrated circuits (IC). ESD is not limited to a one time occurence in the life of
an IC, unless it is fatal the very first time. It may be an ongoing transpiration that can wear down an IC
until it eventually fails fatally.
The RS-422 standard does not specify requirements for ESD protection. However, the industry has
developed a defacto minimum standard of 2,000 V ESD protection under human body model (HBM)
conditions. However, many systems today require much higher levels of ESD protection. Possibly as high
as 10 kV or 15 kV.
ESD protection may be enhanced in different ways. IC protection circuitry, TransZorbs®, and protected
connectors are three possible solutions for increasing an IC's ESD protection. The first method is built-in
IC protection circuitry that requires no external components. This type of protection is the result of the
manufacturer's IC design. In the early years of IC manufacturing, ESD was not as well publicized or
standardized as it is today. Today, IC designers strive to achieve five, ten, even fifteen thousand Volts of
ESD protection.

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Figure 6. Example of Multi-Point Configuration

Figure 7. A Point-to-Point RS-422 System With TransZorbs

The later two solutions, TransZorbs and protected connectors, are both external to the IC and usually
implemented, by the system manufacturer, to provide additional protection, if needed, beyond that which is
supplied by the IC itself.

6.1 Integrated Circuits

IC protection circuitry is normally designed into the die at the input and output stages of the device. This is
because these are the stages that connect to the outside world (via cables or other media). Thus, these
are the locations damaged most often by ESD phenomenon. The purpose of the circuitry is to, one, be
able to drain off very large amounts of current very quickly, and two, keep the high current away from
sensitive areas of the IC. An analogy may be made with lightning rods that channel away large amounts of
current, caused by a very large electric field (potential), from your house.

6.2 TransZorb
TransZorbs are like back-to-back diodes. They are connected between the interface line that needs
protection and ground. They act like voltage clamps, clamping voltages that are above the TransZorb's
specified reverse stand-off voltage (Vrs). Take care when selecting a TransZorb, if the Vrs is too high, the
IC may become damaged before the TransZorb ever turns on. One TransZorb should be used per
interface line. This solution could become expensive as the number of interface lines requiring protection
increases. Figure 7 shows an example of a RS-422 point-to-point system with TransZorbs.

6.3 Protected Connectors

Protected connectors, another solution for increasing ESD protection of an IC, provides the same type of
clamping protection that TransZorbs do. However, only one device is needed per interface connector.
Therefore, if you have a DB-25 pin connector, all 25 lines receive the same increase in ESD damage
resistance. Additionally, designers do not need to worry about lack of additional PC board space, since the
device is built into the connector. Also, the protected connector only adds an additional 5 pF or 6 pF of
capacitance to the signal load. Designers will be able to find protected connectors in a variety of connector
sizes. Figure 8 shows a diagram of two connectors with built-in ESD protection.

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In the later two solutions, the system manufacturer provides additional ESD protection. Ideally, system
manufacturers would like the IC manufacturers to provide all the ESD protection required for their
systems, internal to the device. Texas Instruments interface group recognizes the importance of ESD
protection and has released the DS36276 and the DS36277 with ESD protection up to 7,500 V. Future
Interface products will trend toward higher ESD protection.

7 Live Insertion
RS-422 does not specify how to insert an IC (driver or receiver) into a live interface. The same is true for
removing the IC. PC board connectors, cable connectors, and sockets are likely interface points. A device
may be inserted live via one of these interfaces. Live insertion is a larger concern, since removing an IC,
from a live interface, normally is less damaging to an IC. For live insertion, the device may not be powered
up when being inserted. Thus, the RS-422 device may receive bus potentials that exceed the power
supply voltage (VCC). First, this may cause biasing of diodes and bus clamping, or result in large current
faults that damage devices. Second, the potential difference between ICs connections and the interface
connector may be large enough to cause ESD strikes which may be harmful to the IC. In addition, the IC
may transmit signals when the supply voltage is below minimum operating level which may result in data
transfer errors. On the other hand, when removing an IC from an active interface, the VCC should be within
normal operating levels with no device pins higher than the supply pin. Also, the potential difference at the
instance of the disconnect is minimized since the potential is the equivalent just prior.

Figure 8. Example of Protected Connectors

Recommendations for implementing a live interface are, one, use an IC that supports the feature. Look for
this feature in the device's datasheet. However, it will not always appear there so be sure to ask the chip
manufacturer's technical support group, to be certain. These ICs usually have specially designed input
and output structures that prevent damage to the device even if bus voltages exceed VCC. Two, since
removal is less harmful than inserting, try to create similar conditions for inserting the chip that would exist
when removing the chip. In other words, it is ideal to have the device powered and referenced to the same
ground potential as the interface before the inputs and outputs make physical contact.
For a PC board, a staggered connection where the ground trace is the longest, so that it makes contact
first, and the VCC trace is the second longest followed by the input traces then the output traces last would
suffice. Live insertion via cables or sockets may require special design but should make contact in the
same pattern.

8 By-Pass Capacitors
By-pass capacitors help reduce transients on output signals. Therefore, by-pass capacitors are
recommended for better signal quality. One 0.1 μF capacitor is recommended for each powered IC in the
system. If a device has more than one power supply (VCC and VEE) then use one capacitor for each supply.
The capacitor should be placed between the power supply pin and ground. Place the capacitor as close to
the VCC pin of the device as possible. Additionally, a 10 μF capacitor may be used near the main path
where VCC is delivered to the system for bulk charge storage. If a system is large, additional bulk
capacitance may be distributed across the system.

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9 Stub Length
Since RS-422 is a multi-drop standard, receivers may be connected to the bus via a stub. The length of
the stub is important because of the affect it may have on the signal. As the stub length is increased, its
characteristics begin to act as a transmission line. When is a stub considered to be a transmission line? A
typical guideline for stubs and transmission lines is stated here:
Time Domain:
If the propagation delay of the stub (one way trip) is greater than ⅛ the transition time, measured from 0%
to 100% of the signal transition, then the stub may be considered a transmission line.
The boundary conditions at which a stub begins to act as a transmission line are not precise. Therefore,
designers may use slightly different ratios.
Furthermore, the maximum length of the stub depends on the transition time measured at the point of the
stub interconnect. This is very important to remember because if the total length of the cable is 1,000 feet,
a longer stub can be hung off the cable at 750 feet away from the driver than at 75 feet away from the
driver. This is because the cable capacitance slows the transition time of the driver's output as it
propagates down the cable and the transition time is longer.
The length of the stub may be increased by slowing down the transition edge at the stub interconnect.
This can be done using a bulk capacitance load or a RS-422 driver with output wave shape control like
TI's DS3691, DS3692, or DS36C280.
To implement a RS-422 interface with stubs of equal length. Apply the stub guideline rule to the stub(s)
closest to the driver's output and use this length for the maximum length for all stubs on the interface bus.
If a stub is too long and causes a noticeable reflection, it will be measured positive on the stub because
the voltage reflection coefficient is positive since the load impedance ZL is larger than the stub impedance
Zo. The formula for the reflection coefficient at the load is shown in Equation 1.

(1)
Note, the load impedance is equivalent to the input impedance of the receiver, which is equal to or greater
than 4 kΩ. The stub impedance is typically about 100 Ω–130 Ω. The reflection created at the stub will
propagate in both directions away from the stub (see Figure 9). Keep in mind that reflections are time
dependent events.

10 Receiver Power Off Characteristics

The receivers characteristics powered down are similar to those when powered up (see Figure 10).
Therefore, the receiver, when physically connected, may be powered up or down transparent to the RS-
422 driver.

10.1 Receiver Input Impedance

The receiver input impedance curve is identical for both inputs while the receiver is powered off. The
characteristic curves also pass through the (0 V, 0 mA) coordinate (see Figure 10). While the receiver is
powered on, the impedance of both inputs are the same but the input impedance curves do not pass
through the (0 V, 0 mA) point. Additionally, the curves may or may not cross the x and y axis at the same
points (see Figure 10). For receivers with built-in open input failsafe, the curves will differ by at least 200
mV over operating range.
The input impedance of a RS-422 receiver is assured from −10 V to +10 V, which is the operating range
for RS-422 receivers. The 10 V is equal to the 7V common mode voltage plus 3 V offset voltage.

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Figure 9. Stub Reflections

Figure 10. Receiver ON/OFF Characteristics

10.2 Receiver Breakdown Voltage

The receiver breakdown voltage is assured to be greater than ±10 V whether the receiver is powered on
or off. The breakdown point may be found by curve tracing the device out past ±10 V. Breakdown voltages
may be more than twice the maximum operating voltage.

11 Typical Cable Media

11.1 Cable Type

Flat or round cables may be used when connecting a RS-422 driver and receiver(s). Twisted pair or non-
twisted conductors may be used. Twisted pair cables have an advantage over non-twisted when
transmitting differential signals. Twisted pair cables couple noise more symmetrically than non-twisted pair
cables. This helps preserve the noise rejection limits of the RS-422 receiver (±7 V).

11.2 Cable Size

The defacto standard gauge size is 24 AWG. A range of 22 AWG to 28 AWG is acceptable for most
applications. For cable length, see Section 2 in this application report.

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11.3 More on Cables

For more details on cable selections, including information concerning shields, insulation, and cable
characteristics, see AN-916 A Practical Guide To Cable Selection (SNLA219).

12 Summary
RS-422 is a standardized differential electrical interface capable of transmitting data in point-to-point and
multi-drop applications. When implementing a RS-422 interface, make sure design-in concerns are
addressed at the early stages of design to eliminate problems later in the application, which may be a lot
more costly. Understanding RS-422 means understanding the issue associated with the interface.
RS-422 is a well-defined standard and has many applications. However, RS-422 has been superseded by
RS-485, which builds onto the existing foundation and creates an even more rugged standard. For more
information on RS-485, see AN-979 The Practical Limits of RS-485 (SNLA042).

13 References
• TIA/EIA-422-B, Electrical Characteristics of Balanced Digital Interface Circuits, Electronic Industries
Association Engineering Department. Washington D.C. 1994.
• INTERFACE: Data Transmission Databook
• AN-759 Comparing EIA-485 and EIA-422-A Line Drivers and Receivers in Multipoint Applications
(SNLA023)
• AN-806 Data Transmission Lines and Their Characteristics (SNLA026)
• AN-807 Reflections: Computations and Waveforms (SNLA027)
• AN-808 Long Transmission Lines and Data Signal Quality (SNLA028)
• AN-847 FAILSAFE Biasing of Differential Buses (SNLA031)
• AN-903 A Comparison of Differential Termination Techniques (SNLA034)
• AN-916 A Practical Guide To Cable Selection (SNLA219)
• AN-979 The Practical Limits of RS-485 (SNLA042)

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