0% found this document useful (0 votes)
75 views64 pagesBiomolecules Unit 1 BC
The document discusses various aspects of biochemistry, focusing on biomolecules, their structures, and functions. It explains the significance of carbohydrates, including their types and roles in biological processes, as well as the importance of nucleic acids and proteins in cellular functions. Additionally, it touches upon the chemical properties and classifications of sugars, emphasizing their relevance in metabolism and energy production.
Uploaded by
emmelacharulathasiriCopyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
0% found this document useful (0 votes)
75 views64 pagesBiomolecules Unit 1 BC
The document discusses various aspects of biochemistry, focusing on biomolecules, their structures, and functions. It explains the significance of carbohydrates, including their types and roles in biological processes, as well as the importance of nucleic acids and proteins in cellular functions. Additionally, it touches upon the chemical properties and classifications of sugars, emphasizing their relevance in metabolism and energy production.
Uploaded by
emmelacharulathasiriCopyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
/ 64
chemistry OE wes ee ceanch BE dee
Voll vabiel votth whereas ard. vits properttes
acals ie
$p 8 sshuckie of toms and molecules:
Biochemistry . St ae the chemical sxeacton CCus
un Liking matter. : ; }
S cet ds the poate. unit of biolegical activéty .
Biomolecules - A biomolecule ts 0 chemical Compe
uncl
found) an diving organisms. These groticle chemicals tar
one compesedl) oF mainly coxbon d higdiegen , 24920 ¢
ritegen , sulfea ero phosphorus : }
ghee axe thee chupes Sn Domeleceles
«tae hay’ one ange in ze
2 Complex sn strucfure- Ex Coxxboaydad
a Mito + Thay axe small n'stxe
2% dimple uh Shuckuxe .
3 ow molecular weighhi)
Ex glucose , tyalycorttea, amino-acicls , of Biothe raistty ©
fy deperd Biochemistry
ds of different iological proteases \
pec
os te orett 1
ax digatioh , rep raion reprdluction, STEN, 7
many More whole
> DW ploy o Vital vole Ty healk ond rubritien .
> The Feld generally, studies, Ait fexon body subst
dice’ enzymes , omino adds, coxlchydnates proteins Pols
: 2a)
susodarnoe
DNA eke
> D4 ds .esenttol, in designing andiwhana talltedll
\ inicaleliogl
B woxews chanical and biclegeal, products s
: wee ne clog P12 “
shes cath ti the -Btucturat and, fancttonal d
of dife. dt moy be hig steqaxcled| as the, bast t
of tilepieal acstcly. : —
“Gel aml os sdnon ugh
» (tt membrane...
a Wuclews is, sheputh
3 Gyro plasr Avion. colusalone ea
Pe ptihechgnd Ai)
5. Ribose
o Vocusle ‘
te Nuclecs losméc, reticulum
apparatus
somes,
lasmic rettarlum .
Cee vidi
Contatny hire’ than’ 957+ cells DNA & Gntro|
Cenkey of Subkoxyolic! cell « '
rclaor envelope “2 Boulble!” membrane "Sepoxetestuuclesns,
From seytoset.
£) Nucleon pote Gommplanes i Embedded juin, ruscleort’eneetop ,
Conbich Mevement, OF Perens, nuclei adds ,ANA's aunse
Mucleor onwelope,
C) Chiowolin *- DNA, dn nuelen» Cstlecl into dense mors
Named ‘becouse it ds Stained donkity with lotn dy
) Aue
A) Nucless *- geroncl dense mass closely onsociabea with
Liner nudieds.- Erwvelope «
©) Necleoplasmy : Gontains Enaymes Sikes OX paige
RNA polynerose ‘ele 5) baposerme *
bapeet
yeplicalion
ond RNA Anncnphon of
eof Synthesis of sibxcomed RNAS Cicoveed
subunits ore oasembled tr rurcloolss . tS Peeveores |
ark
9. Mitockondxia > power house of cell Fda
Mito nee be ae
> Some algae - one mitechondyign
Size - Mometer- 0-2 to OB HM cae =
benath — 9.5 40 LoMm coe
Shape > Non -stalit Ba
3 Undodaamic yeligalean {ea Nbsying an shape , shed
amour ) tne. Endoplaanic. YeHeulim oxfencls From cel, 8. Gatoplean
membone , coals te nucleus, Swords mitochondluio: § 2 Seplest
Qppearr. to Connect Sireetlay te Gola oppmakus , “5 Meobsti
ate a pustta Tbe
re 7 * Erqaatoploamn cooked with Whesomes _> wo Spe
synboth do not have: Vilbosémnes 4 ialult 4
He > To Supe
nithesds yremrbdiond’ ‘Up. 1 reat te)
- i ie Ce factors
= f
of pidein ee es ER. " a
1 Gogh Cenynes = Re Caled Oityomey ee aia
Bad eabooiglic cay Contains, 0 cee Senthests,
Habu 40a.
Surfoced , Gmppabrents won Gibonag en Conatite -
A iphing aalqoal usd (#
ae omg Coin da ony, 5) bysosomee ~~ Contains packet of mayne
Haysogome -, Greek word 2 Guess
Aieeverecl by Adgian Biochamist de Due in (059
& Peroxisome ° > Micrcbodies bn Euleoryotic a 4
> Wiakneler - approxirnal oy 05M
> No energy - coupled lech on harupert Syston .
4. Gatosvaleton + Complen nekoodd oF Khe stuckaites
Cobtedt, . .a) micickkules ..'p) lcofilermen ty”
C)micxolabetuloe
8. (aloplasyo (Caloss")
§ > Srplest shuckuxe of cevl organelles free sap cytosol
> Melabelic reoctons tole plose -
-> No SpedKic shuctwe, hos high protein confents.
> To Support Syntheds of protel i
y pre Uns on RER by Supplyin,
+| Co factors, & Enexgy «
> AUB conser reenact
Aoi é
Sdsts ca 9 Subunits & act ax site of probetn
Sxantheste, > Biochemistry completely deals voith body fuhdlisning -
> Biockemishy gives enorated’g.e ohout the normal functonlng
@ body «
Q
f > Blochemishy studied’ by students OF Biotechnology,
MAGS, Nuhitionists and by almést ali Poramedical
J Students : :
| > Biochumishy.) shale ite 7 Vda (ov ai tel
pesealat Wry a disease . G arbehydraes
We
dant organic
> Coxbohydvates axe the mort vobuni 9
welecules th nature .
nt
> They axe prinaatly Gonipesed of the Elemenss
Coxbon, hydrogen and O#YqeN-
pe alde-
*-> Coxbohycuatos oy bel defined O% pougryctiong 5
~hydes ex kelones OF Compounds wohich Procluce then
or bydrelysis. Oe sie
+> She Empetical formula, being Cal#2©), -
-> ${. fs also Known idan saechasicles!ain 21107
Functions gf CatechugratesS O08
> Shey one the most oburcint dickery souwe of
Enexqy for all omgntems. oBixeroocponolt &
ee: ore piecascns, for many ongante
Gompounds [Sahs, amino acichs ’ 4 Ee
y #2 sie aint a a” oe
Feary aes Jy the shucture of GUL
rane and celular functions such an cett roth
adhaion ond tettadten! 9 ‘ sii a a
¥ ‘ney partapate li) filogual tnhupdtyeetacet ©
™MUNnKobion and ladiivatén’o® qroysti factors. ie a
> They ose, sHichiisin frbrel ¢ cpa
to prevent Conati rent ontentt Coabohydiates
|
qosacchanides Monosacchaxicles Polysoce nosciols A
i ae Fas stench :
“aye pf ptRonoso
rR |, knexon,
Disncehosides “Wi sacchocuides, Tea sacchontides
oo ur Rattinase fas- Stochyare « {a
is 5 4 { ; ou
Krust &
F > whis ategedizalion us based on the number, of § ‘ ex
&. units. :
f > Mono and oligo | sochaxides axe sweet Yo tate, > Bared
cigstalline din choxocten and. Soluble dn, sooten henc : yegorcteal
anno 2 ee pages
+ Monosocchaxides : einai > Shox
7 the roof Sagan valeg
i.
Piles |
one oti "thane 46 aN
Ape Apion: aa ard Aan
Bir cn. a
> Sheds soeeby dp; caste) Soluble vin taken pot a. o
> $i bb soln p tecucng sagan ain nde ae
1) Bits Glucose) Fruchbe y Relaaive vn yout & «sf ded nto cu ferent
2 dhe monosaccharides axe divided info at fexer
Colegories, based on, the functional grou
P and the number
of Caxbon atoms
# Aldose when the Functional aay 3)
monosaccharides 2d On odlehyde le ae ji they axe
known as, aldosesyr
aq ghsealdahyde ues
* Retoses + when the functional group, Jf a keto
iE ¢ =o] qoup , they axe reffered to os Ketesess
fg ee oe
> Based on the ’Céalbon Some, tte monosacehariles are
vegordecl as fyisses (acl. tetroses [AC] prick BAL), :
hexeser [6c] and heptaes [A c\-
> Shere teums along, with noel gueups aul
while naming tn eet
tet fang git a a a aldchexose
Fuckese We” eee ie
cHo
cH,OH
Pe
ee econ
prlisubot tak
Go Ch Ce
1 Pe ote * ee yall, yt
Re ce Oly S291 ss}. 02 589 exoho de
hy (1 Chepulg Slee
Monosact
molecules berated on fayclrolyss is lad
faed om tne Humber 6f “monosecchansoles unite some (§
ste pnt, ace fan still Geli
P Licacchoxider , twigacehanicles ete > if
, > heir) vnoleculor weight 44” tnecexaie” altoch,
> minimally “suseet Malate 10K
> Selubble eas
Bx} Suctose , Mattose equal
Deysrechaniles ‘ |
Wb ie
>the no.of Suga molecules’ win plpchanide py > Gu
mire than tO, “ced
=, . rig a ila ‘ ' ’ yoith ¢
we molecul ‘
‘ * a ly eth i xO st
axe Hoy
hao aly la ond fom cabal
tater ,
> they one abvoays hot redue a
ays Ma Sugar on noluxe. a
4
> Shey axe of too types homopelysocchariles ane :
helexopelysaechoriles
Ex dhs, Deen» ce Monosaccharides Qusclnal apes
eS a eabohomeveae .2s_ an timportant character of
monosacchartces .
> Stexeodsomens axe the path that Have
Some Shucluxal formuloe, but) oli-Ffen 11 thelr spatial
the
CG tgurakion,
> fA Caxbon dy edtd! fo "be ‘asymmetric Cohen th wa
attachecl fo. foun Afferent aloms ow. Qroups +
> The number of ogra, coxbon) atoms delamines
the posible Teoma, of o given, Gmppund cahich 4s
equal > /gh
> Glucose conkeat _— rts, and ts
Vb ltsorhen di! rica DH
* > Gugwaldehude (tose) Js the elk mono sacchaxide
yoith one Odaymmettic ncarbon atom ; ge 8
* > M Bists ga | A20, Stereplsombes and hos been chosen ax
tie sefoence conbsyychateits repierent the ishuchoe of
OM other Conbshupteoes
*>
0 and \ ores Oe Mivie, images of cost
# > the 08 goup is, er IN ile ie,
D of DP. Sades sper
> 4 Spo group by See in Sie, neat
& of L-Seie., a DF evorhae : on
pip Janel queose wo based! Wi
onoaccharide , 1) And L- gliyceraletahiydlen
ane, # Enontions
optical activity of Sugars Bo choractedshe ay
: { Shenenvn
nds cvoith aaymmelrte conhon akon,
+> she
> dhe dexherotahony fev] ancl lWorotalery(I-) a
sed to Compounds trod veapochively jotahe the. 'p
of pdortedl Qtaht 40 the, tight. ov to Made He. §
#ooemic miahune > gfe de anal! tebmaus dice” id
fn squal Cowenhalion, Wi ERion! an dain thd
6 Sexo Levortalory ortivities eonce( ca olhy,
AVIA
3 Jn the medical ee, tice dextrose 3, teed
Que din Solution; i
Nic
Geter ory tnnysone vatlawe to"0N eRe, to eal
othe
quucese ond
Cobb Bik) éxfeytoal
Gatbeh Coy ie)
palor)prlodead rat e. tu
mes nomely - epimerares Catalyse Hus
omens: PéRonkiomers
hak axe iimiioy Images of cath’ omen,
members axe clestgnated or = ancl \-
Qlucose axe depichecl din
t
_ WAC ba)
\ /
he Ce OU
- \
on-C-u
Gidmole ©
epimers
fa — C-OF
ee
BS Og fog ony
eo
e204 b ei Chon
0- Golackose O- Glucose, }
ae
OW
{
4 eeainplt of
Wor bh e contiogi®
on
i
Hoaiel oh
1
HO
D - clucese « higher antinaly axe
> Majotty of ‘the’ sugars 17 the
D-type: oh
% 7, a ha
> The tem Aicstereomers 4 wed to represent the eee
etereotsomens thaf axe hot mivor images of one ono ok
only
Stuckixe ‘of Gluesee
; all : %
5 : :
> The hydroxyl qeep 0S monogacchasicles, cont |
i uith Ys ovon aldehyde or keko Runclionral group i
form hemiacetal and hemileetak « t |
oa ORs >
Rae 4 ROW SS Re CW
aed
nage echo Hemiocetal =>
> The, the aldehy ste group of ope ot Grearks.
Alohel group ob C/A0!! or 4wo types Je ee
4 ou
met ; WOH
= C= H
i si} ee Ne/
ec on ae ae : t ;
: s i! ie <0
One C+ lo” oh cots
) has wee a
He e ~ OK Hy e-0h ;
nee HOE eB ; iid i: ot 3
= ign "
en iit denon hes ic ‘ egy
oh - D-Glucss ek eee =
02) | Ln ie torn ) M stati
gy Anomers Mutarotation - |
ane Known
dand B atic Sima of 0 quusose
NEW
. 4 fa nil
. aiPfex from each othex in the conkiqueation
nde Ch) RCSA! OS « @watN Triexie Caxben
> Lavomer — OW qoup held by fonomesxic. Cosson Js
oppasite | side OF tee group, “eH ;04 of Sagat ving.
yeowne db hue i e- anette
Re ay certeite priplead ‘and eo
anomess &
diffeent optical rokaktons -
> oLanomer solulfion’ Th Wooker Ga S129 cowl wd
by chavops and altaini an egetlbrium ith q
Combartt» Valued of Hon,
> Mukeswtalion us tdeting v
i in| fined cus! Moe chanige in re
pecitien | optical, stotalvon *epmrentiing’ tie Thkercenversie
of o and 2 on
32 form of D: glucore to an 2q),i Uloti ya elute
ic :
> Fructose ;
ructose colbovexhibite imuitonctalten
* ‘Custer gape ae
Oe Aerts
f © Ophttal yotahism off a%2i ot
eQuitityium « roy
Rea corer
U = Ben
W = eon O- 0 Glucese.
wee |. Gamal
r GSouxces of carbohydrate»
Gich os bread, noodles , pasta, inlets, O,
> Gia
Suits, Such 08, apples , bananas, beets, 1
melons and exganesoranges 4. commen Ie
> Poh preducls, such aw oellke and Yoqwel «/
Puyonose ond (eran Shokan
> Hawsith — pigiection formulae axe epicbest my
Si. membttedl Ving’ pyronese 65 q Gie2 nteribeced
furore. ptut PHNGO LSP TLE
>the Geli. Rims of gluupse axe Frown as
pyrene and <-p-oliteetulanee), J
> pane ds 0 chemical Shudlaie> theth:
ofa, $9 thes eting, Xs erocle up of six. e
tak Contains 5). Coxbor ale ul
SA Faxonede “ue va eee eat, eee id
that shove echnical rattle state nti 6)
a Fe
- memberecl a siptein abo) 84 Ragl s cH oH
c aeolle
,
Luvepyranese Vnd- Rec tusonnes ¥
{clo linkage bux 165, Carbon ws called
glycasic
1 gta Corton fs Called
qlyesiclic dinkage blvo
al coxben us 2, coxbon...atom thaf B artteched|
different types of atoms or groups ofatoms.
ae chirol toxbon
u OF ox
\
CHU
4p toux
> the caxben. atom usfhich stot tachec! to the
Sune subshituents 0!
collec on achiral Gubon akoms. ochiral compounds
axe optically Jnackive 4h rokuce ox they do not
yotote the plone polaxizect sight .
not Locks any Stig teen rete
ey: CHa,
2 \ achiral caxhon
By thiol . That ws to Say . the -_
axe bnded Yo y diferent gieups: e, A
5 The Number of Gf Stoo teorried ses 478} Ub 2
4
x = chiral Co Sait 5
“Shexeioxesk Chive 4
win 2ksehlzdue sam
sey ye
ala te Disocchex ides
the
i the 1 igosncchantles, disacchoxides 0: axe
mmon
f \ ssoochaside
ssachaxidie Consists of two monosaccho!
held tegethex’ by'> qlycosielie! Bench,
gethe
ifs ts collect
t kage behseen 2 Suga units ae
cosicle Lin kage:
properties
23d
rey axe polox Compounds
> Thay, oxe\freodily Solable lan walker due fo hydrogen
kd
ding (
> They have sweet toate
> They; connoh ctiffure through Collulosomémbiaias
tates 2f Ae
I Redwing disacchasicles “nocchoxtles Yoth free obit or lel
Gfoup eg. Molise; Maliie Maco
no
a pon. reduc disacchaxicles with Free altlehule ot kel}
qeup y= evose, Hehaloye nd of #00, d-D-g
uate ae ) glyeastee borat
ran be huydiolysel by dilute acid or the. in
dibevafe +00 molecules of d- D-qlutsse.
yon
h i
‘\
Ott "
on
nw ‘ot
Glucose
> Maltese wis compou!
Mabtos
{(-wu-v-quese] uae Ne
>In somabtose , the gucese units Oxe rele together BY
x(ire) gyeasidic Unkage. “4 , yo pat Oe
5 tattobiese “Us another Atsltheniclen jicenieccl ans
pith mollese, Except” that the formex hos B(I-H) t
es ee
Lirikage . cellobiese 44 formec! during the fogdiclysis ‘at
Suesore Sucrose Gone. |suget) a ye ee
producedl by sugar cane andl siqnx wits
> Sucrose us made up of 0h
Noh att aie
> sucrose Bs a ron-seduel
Rg sugar, onel |
psazenes « if cant an dmpovtant Source of dietary cochshycbeabes.
Jwyecl 203 0 suoeetening agent in feocl
¢ suciose te
he dntestinal Enzyme -Sucrase ‘nycolpes seibie to
lncese’ antl ehse” which ane absorbeol
Suctege. :
WW
as such du dexherotabory(+b6.5). Buk,
4 el, Sucvese bevomes cevore ako y (528. Ly;
process. OF change InJoptival rotation Sor detoto-
te, devorokalory Cy 4s referred deb as Inversion.
hyielysel Wickice ‘of sucrose , “containing qucese
Fruckese ; Js Knsdan Os tel 8ig.on '
48€ \--> Laclese Js more commonly known as mele
oar. dince dt a3 the disncodpiclerfoenel in tril
> bactese us competed!’ 42D -qaloichose andp-0—
q
quicose’ chele togethers by) B (EH) glyeosiolié’ bortcl
> The anomexie carbon c, gluae 8 Free, hence
Lociese exhibits fedyeing proportion ancl forms. osazones
HOH :
ya =O,
© ype
yey
4 oH)
Geloctose
Glucose
Lathose
{p- O-qaloctesy (151) pate qb)!
St ub hathobped, by the Inkeatinal Ereyme laciase to
Qhse and plactose
+ ae
gee J >» Amvylopectn
Palys f Pr Yepeal units of monn: ite wie
: ves, hele together by glycosid 4 (4-0) Mieke
valives , f i :
» dinean ay well Os brancheot Containing ©
a ‘ tree Go-20 3
swe oF eo Wypas al 4
is ut onl —O—Con
ppyuoctunides © Ot yield mee
sir wf monwsacchaxicke * ‘: a i
ay
| Ms ; ie Fu
4 Hetecopolysacchouides ++ On hydsclyste . gtelol! oom
f of & few monosaccharides or thely oe “> aloches €
a ond Rrally
© Dexkins oS
3 a Stoxch. by
fucose Unit helaf by o-glyccsidic. bends. ES Sho vod
from ob qlustan or quican. Btoadr Constels B 4
+ Pyoter sélubte
> Amylose ds af «ee
TUE oH OFHona urbnekc2l Adin ae j vee
D-quesse unihs tad’ by alfy, a
caso by Wu) ghyetdte ange
a OvN cht 9 Toslin
PHY 9 ye ¥ ¥ Be cg br
q 7 ; q wy TP moleculon &
ob 34 why Fa Womdlerile sin; “| OM | se
Ge
L-Amwilone — Witise nthe ether hancl
» quycortdie band a he, branching F
everyone, ele,» Araglopectin.
Yrousand quicose units Looks like. a brancec\
e unils per branch)
evo
. Veo
yo Ka BT
Nee
=
ow [
1
CHOW
chy
BY W =o. hone
Yo SoG Kp
| WOW w oH
Amplepectin e
ches axe huydaclysedt boy amylase, fo Bouate daxtrins,
nally, moalisse and gcse, units «
nus exhinh axe’ lhe’ breakdown producls of
by the “Erayme Cmylase f .
Cows), Giotety