INTERNATIONAL ISO

STANDARD 175

Third edition
2010-10-15

Plastics — Methods of test for the

determination of the effects of immersion
in liquid chemicals
Plastiques — Méthodes d'essai pour la détermination des effets de
l'immersion dans des produits chimiques liquides

Reference number
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ISO 175:2010(E)

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Contents Page

Foreword ............................................................................................................................................................iv
Introduction.........................................................................................................................................................v
1 Scope ......................................................................................................................................................1
2 Normative references............................................................................................................................1
3 Principle .................................................................................................................................................2
4 General requirements and procedure .................................................................................................2
4.1 Test liquids.............................................................................................................................................2
4.2 Test conditions ......................................................................................................................................2
4.3 Immersion time ......................................................................................................................................3

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4.4 Test specimens......................................................................................................................................3
4.5 Conditioning ..........................................................................................................................................4
4.6 Procedure...............................................................................................................................................4
4.7 Expression of results ............................................................................................................................5
5 Determination of changes in mass, dimensions and appearance ...................................................6
5.1 General ...................................................................................................................................................6
5.2 Apparatus...............................................................................................................................................6
5.3 Test specimens......................................................................................................................................7
5.4 Determination of changes in mass......................................................................................................8
5.5 Determination of changes in dimensions .........................................................................................10
5.6 Determination of changes in colour or other appearance attributes.............................................12
6 Determination of changes in other physical properties..................................................................13
6.1 General .................................................................................................................................................13
6.2 Apparatus.............................................................................................................................................13
6.3 Test specimens....................................................................................................................................13
6.4 Procedure.............................................................................................................................................13
6.5 Calculation and expression of results ..............................................................................................14
7 Precision ..............................................................................................................................................14
8 Test report............................................................................................................................................15
Annex A (normative) Types of test liquid.......................................................................................................16
Annex B (informative) Notes on the absorption of moisture by plastic specimens in equilibrium
with a conditioning atmosphere ........................................................................................................19
Bibliography......................................................................................................................................................20

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Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.

International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.

The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
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Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.

ISO 175 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 61, Plastics, Subcommittee SC 6, Ageing, chemical
and environmental resistance.

This third edition cancels and replaces the second edition (ISO 175:1999), of which it constitutes a minor
revision.

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Introduction
Because of their varied applications, plastics are frequently brought into contact with liquids such as chemical
products, motor fuels, lubricants, etc., and, possibly, with their vapours.

Under the action of a liquid, a plastic material may be subjected to several phenomena which may occur
simultaneously. On the one hand, absorption of liquid and extraction of constituents soluble in the liquid may
occur. On the other hand, a chemical reaction, often resulting in a significant change in the properties of the
plastic, may occur. The equilibrium swelling ratio for a crosslinked polymer in a liquid that is a solvent for the
same but non-crosslinked polymer is a measure of the degree of crosslinking.
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The behaviour of plastics in the presence of liquids can be determined only under arbitrarily fixed conditions
aimed at making comparisons between different materials. The choice of test conditions (nature of the liquid,
immersion temperature and immersion time), as well as the choice of the properties in which changes are to
be measured, depends on the eventual application of the plastic under test.

It is not possible, however, to establish any direct correlation between the experimental results and the
behaviour of the plastic in service. These tests do, nevertheless, permit a comparison to be made of the
behaviour of different plastic materials under specified conditions, thus allowing an initial evaluation of their
behaviour in relation to certain groups of liquids.

NOTE In view of its special importance, the particular case of the determination of the quantity of water absorbed is
dealt with in ISO 62. ISO 175 is concerned with the effects of water only where changes in the dimensions and physical
properties of the plastic occur as a result of the action of the water.

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 INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 175:2010(E)

Plastics — Methods of test for the determination of the effects

of immersion in liquid chemicals

1 Scope
1.1 This International Standard specifies a method of exposing test specimens of plastic materials, free
from all external restraint, to liquid chemicals, and methods for determining the changes in properties resulting
from such immersion. It does not cover environmental stress cracking (ESC) which is dealt with by the various
parts of ISO 22088.

1.2 It only considers testing by immersion of the entire surface of the test specimen 1).

NOTE This method may not be appropriate for simulating partial or infrequent wetting of plastics.

1.3 It is applicable to all solid plastics that are available in the form of moulding or extrusion materials,
plates, tubes, rods or sheets having a thickness greater than 0,1 mm. It is not applicable to cellular materials.

2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.

ISO 291:2008, Plastics — Standard atmospheres for conditioning and testing

ISO 294-3, Plastics — Injection moulding of test specimens of thermoplastic materials — Part 3: Small plates

ISO 2818, Plastics — Preparation of test specimens by machining

ISO 3126, Plastics piping systems — Plastics components — Determination of dimensions

ISO 4582, Plastics — Determination of changes in colour and variations in properties after exposure to
daylight under glass, natural weathering or laboratory light sources

IEC 60296, Fluids for electrotechnical applications — Unused mineral insulating oils for transformers and
switchgear

1) Although it is not within the scope of this International Standard, it may also be of interest, when dealing with volatile
liquids or those which give off vapours, to subject the specimen to only the gaseous phase above the liquid. In this event,
it is advisable to proceed exactly as indicated, but to suspend the specimen above the liquid, seal the container and
maintain it at the test temperature throughout.

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3 Principle
Test specimens are completely immersed in a test liquid for a specified time and at a specified temperature.

Their properties are determined before immersion and after removal from the liquid, as well as after drying, if
applicable. In the last-mentioned case, the determinations are made, if possible, one after the other on the
same specimens.

NOTE The comparison of different plastics by means of this test is valid only if the specimens used are of the same
shape, of the same dimensions (in particular of the same thickness) and in as nearly as possible the same state (of
internal stress, surface, etc.).
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Methods are specified for determining the following:

a) changes in mass, dimensions and appearance immediately after removal from the liquid and after
removal and drying;

b) changes in physical properties (mechanical, thermal, optical, etc.) immediately after removal from the
liquid and after removal and drying;

c) the amount of liquid absorbed.

Measurements are made immediately after removal when it is necessary to ascertain the state of the material
while it is still being acted on by the liquid. Measurements are made after removal and drying when it is
necessary to ascertain the state of the material after the liquid, provided it is volatile, has been eliminated. It
also allows the influence of a soluble constituent to be determined.

4 General requirements and procedure

4.1 Test liquids

4.1.1 Choice of test liquid

If information is required about the behaviour of a plastic in contact with a specific liquid, that liquid shall be
used. The test liquid shall be of analytical quality.

Industrial liquid chemicals are not generally of absolutely constant composition. The tests shall be carried out
using defined chemical products, either on their own or as a mixture, which are as representative as possible
of the products under consideration in their effect on the plastic material concerned. When technical-grade
chemicals are used, they shall be of agreed origin and quality, and care shall be taken that only one
manufacturing batch is used for all measurements in any one series.

If conducting a series of tests in a liquid of doubtful composition, it is important to take all the samples of the
liquid from the same container.

4.1.2 Types of test liquid

Types of test liquid are given in Annex A.

4.2 Test conditions

4.2.1 Test temperatures

The preferred test temperatures are:

a) (23± 2) °C;

b) (70± 2) °C.

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If a different temperature has to be used in order to correspond to the temperature at which the plastic is to be
used, it shall be selected from one of the following temperatures:

−269 °C; −196 °C; −161 °C; −70 °C; −55 °C; −40 °C; −25 °C; −10 °C; 0 °C; 5 °C; 25 °C; 40 °C; 55 °C;
70 °C; 85 °C; 100 °C; 105 °C; 125 °C; 150 °C; 175 °C; 200 °C; 225 °C; 250 °C; 275 °C; 300 °C; 350 °C;
400 °C; 450 °C; 500 °C; 600 °C; 700 °C; 800 °C; 900 °C; 1 000 °C

NOTE These temperatures originate from ISO 3205:1976.

The following temperatures are recommended:

0 °C; 20 °C; 27 °C; 40 °C; 55 °C; 85 °C; 95 °C; 100 °C; 125 °C; 150 °C

with a tolerance of ± 2 °C on temperatures up to and including 100 °C and ± 3 °C on temperatures greater

than 105 °C up to and including 200 °C. In the special case of testing plastic pipes, the temperature of 60 °C
given in the annex to ISO 3205:1976 may be used.

In the event that the test is to be carried out at a temperature above normal ambient conditions, it may be
desirable to condition another series of specimens at this temperature for a period equal to that of the test,
and to measure their properties after this conditioning in order to be able to distinguish the effect of
temperature from that of the liquid.

In the case of long-duration tests, specimens stored in air at 23 °C may undergo a change in properties.
Preparation of an additional series of test specimens is recommended for comparison purposes.

4.2.2 Measurement temperature

The temperature for the determination of changes in mass, dimensions or physical properties is 23 °C ± 2 °C.
If the immersion temperature is different, bring the specimen to 23 °C by the procedure described in 4.6.3.

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4.3 Immersion time

The preferred immersion times are:

a) 24 h for a short-duration test;

b) 1 week for a standard test (particularly at 23 °C);

c) 16 weeks for a long-duration test.

If other immersion times need to be used, for example if it is desired to perform tests as a function of time or to
plot the curve until equilibrium is reached, it is recommended that the immersion times be chosen from the
following standard scale:

d) 1 h — 2 h — 4 h — 8 h — 16 h — 24 h — 48 h — 96 h — 168 h;

e) 2 weeks — 4 weeks — 8 weeks — 16 weeks — 26 weeks — 52 weeks — 78 weeks;

f) 1,5 years — 2 years — 3 years — 4 years — 5 years.

4.4 Test specimens

Depending upon the measurements to be made after immersion (mass, dimensions, physical properties) and
the nature and form of the plastic material (sheet, film, rod, etc.), the specimens will be of very diverse shapes
and dimensions.

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They may be obtained directly by moulding, or by machining. In the latter case, cut surfaces shall be
machined to a fine finish and shall show no trace of carbonization that could be attributed to the method of
preparation.

For the specimens specified in 5.3.1 and 5.3.2, the preferred specimen size is 60 mm ¥ 60 mm with a
thickness depending on the type of plastic material:

⎯ for thermoplastics, the preferred thickness is 1,0 mm to 1,1 mm;

⎯ for moulding compounds, the specimen is identical to that specified in ISO 294-3;

⎯ for semi-finished materials, the specimen should preferably be prepared by machining in accordance with
ISO 2818, leaving at least one original surface intact;

⎯ for composites, the preferred thickness is at least 2 mm.

NOTE Tests using specimens thinner or thicker than the recommended 1 mm can be conducted to determine whether
specimen thickness effects changes in mass, dimensions, appearance or amount of liquid absorbed.

The number of specimens to be used will be specified in the International Standards relevant to the tests to be
carried out after treatment. In the absence of specific International Standards, at least three specimens shall
be tested.

4.5 Conditioning

Condition the specimens in atmosphere 23/50, class 2, as defined in ISO 291:2008.

NOTE For certain plastics which are known to approach temperature equilibrium and, in particular, humidity
equilibrium rapidly or very slowly, shorter or longer conditioning periods can be specified in the appropriate product
specifications (see Annex B).

4.6 Procedure

4.6.1 Quantity of test liquid

The quantity of test liquid used shall be at least 8 ml per square centimetre of the total surface area of the
specimen in order to avoid too high a concentration of any extracted products in the liquid during the course of
the test. The test liquid shall cover the specimen completely.

NOTE A different quantity of liquid might, however, be specified in particular International Standards; for example, for
rigid PVC and polyolefin pipes, where the amount of extractable substances is known to be very small, a smaller quantity
of liquid is specified in the relevant International Standards.

4.6.2 Positioning of specimens

Place each set of test specimens in a suitable container (see 5.2) and completely immerse them in the test
liquid (using a weight if necessary). When several materials of the same composition are to be tested, it is
permissible to put several sets of specimens in the same container.

Ensure that, for every specimen, only an insignificant proportion of the surface of the specimen makes contact
with the surfaces of other specimens, with the walls of the container or with any weight that is used.
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During the test, stir the liquid, for example by swirling it in the container, at least once per day.

If the test lasts longer than seven days, replace the liquid with an equal amount of the original liquid every
seventh day (see Note 2 to 4.6.3).

If the liquid is unstable (for example in the case of sodium hypochlorite), replace the liquid more frequently.

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If light is likely to affect the action of the test liquid, it is recommended that the test be carried out either in
darkness or under defined illumination conditions.

It may be necessary in certain cases to specify the height of the liquid level above the specimens (for example
if there is a risk of oxidation) or to measure the volume of the liquid absorbed. The volume absorbed by the
specimen is the difference between the initial volume of the liquid and the volume of the remaining liquid.
Where it is necessary to calculate this, the apparatus shall allow the measurement of the volume of the liquid
alone.

4.6.3 Rinsing and wiping

At the end of the period of immersion, bring the temperature of the specimens back to ambient temperature if
necessary by transferring them quickly into a fresh quantity of test liquid at room temperature and leaving
them for a period of 15 min to 30 min.

Use one of the following procedures for rinsing the specimens after they have been removed from the test
liquid:

a) For specimens which have been immersed in acid, alkali or other aqueous solutions, rinse thoroughly
with clean water. Hygroscopic reagents such as concentrated sulfuric acid may remain adsorbed on the
surface of the specimens even after rinsing, requiring immediate special treatment to avoid moisture
pickup before and during weighing.

b) For specimens removed from non-volatile, non-water-soluble organic liquids, rinse with a non-aggressive
but volatile solvent such as light naphtha.

NOTE 1 In the case of specimens immersed in volatile liquids such as acetone or alcohol at ambient temperature,
rinsing and wiping may not be necessary.

Wipe the specimens dry with filter paper or a lint-free cloth.

NOTE 2 It may be necessary to examine the test liquid at the end of the test. This examination could be a simple visual
examination, a measurement of the volume or mass of the liquid not absorbed, or a more rigorous examination, including,
for example, a titration.
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This examination may not be meaningful if the liquid has been replaced during the test.

4.7 Expression of results

4.7.1 Numerical expression

In addition to giving the measurements made before and after immersion, the value of the property after
immersion (X2) may be expressed (except in special cases of changes in mass) as a percentage of the value
before immersion (X1), using the following formula:

X2
× 100
X1

4.7.2 Graphical expression

In every case where measurements are made as a function of time, it is recommended that graphs be plotted.
Plot the values obtained (including the original value), or the differences in value, as the ordinates and the
immersion times t as the abscissae. If it is necessary to shorten the immersion-time scale, either a t 0,5 scale
or a log t scale may be used.

The double-logarithmic plot as recommended in ISO 62 of, for example, the mass or volume of liquid
absorbed versus the immersion time allows the determination of the concentration at saturation and the
diffusion coefficient over short immersion times if the absorption follows Fick's laws.

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5 Determination of changes in mass, dimensions and appearance

5.1 General

These determinations may, if necessary, be carried out on the same specimens.

At least three specimens shall be used.

5.2 Apparatus

5.2.1 For all tests

5.2.1.1 Beakers, of suitable dimensions, fitted with lids (airtight, if necessary) and fitted with condensers
in the case of volatile liquids or those which give off vapours. The apparatus shall be resistant to the corrosive
effects of the liquids being used. Beakers that can be tightly sealed shall be used when conducting tests
above room temperature, in order to minimize loss of the liquid by evaporation.

5.2.1.2 Enclosure, thermostatically maintained at the test temperature. Venting shall be provided when
tests are conducted at elevated temperatures with volatile liquids.

5.2.1.3 Thermometer, of suitable range and accuracy.

5.2.1.4 Ventilated oven, if required, capable of being maintained at the chosen drying temperature.

In the absence of any special instructions, use an oven maintained at (50 ± 2) °C.

5.2.2 For determinations of changes in mass

5.2.2.1 Weighing bottle.

5.2.2.2 Balance, accurate to within 1 mg for specimens of mass equal to or greater than 1 g, or to within
0,1 mg for specimens of mass less than 1 g.

5.2.3 For determinations of dimensional changes and changes in volume

5.2.3.1 Dial micrometer, with flat anvils and/or ball anvil, accurate to 0,01 mm.

5.2.3.2 Calliper gauge, capable of measuring to an accuracy of 0,1 mm.

5.2.3.3 Graduated glass tube, to determine the initial volume of the specimen.

5.2.3.4 Specimen-immersion apparatus, capable of determining the volume of the remaining liquid
(see Reference [8] in the Bibliography), for example two glass bulbs connected by a graduated capillary and
completely sealed [see Figure 1 a)]. To begin the immersion, the apparatus is turned through 180° so that the
specimen in bulb 1 is immersed in the liquid [see Figure 1 b)]. To determine the volume of liquid remaining, the
apparatus is turned back to its starting position. The liquid flows into bulb 2 and the change in volume of the
liquid can be read from the scale on the capillary [see Figure 1 c)]. After reading the volume, the apparatus is
turned back through 180° and the immersion continued.

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5.3 Test specimens (see also 4.4)

5.3.1 Moulding materials

Specimens shall be square with an edge (60 ± 1) mm long and a thickness between 1,0 mm and 1,1 mm.
They shall be moulded to shape under the conditions specified in the appropriate product specification (or
under the conditions prescribed by the supplier).

NOTE 1 The general principles for the preparation of moulded specimens are described in ISO 293, ISO 294-3 and
ISO 295.

NOTE 2 A square specimen measuring 50 mm ¥ 50 mm ¥ 4 mm can be used by agreement between the interested
parties. Using this 4-mm-thick specimen will increase the time necessary to reach equilibrium by a factor of 16 relative to
1-mm-thick specimens.
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Key
1 bulb 1 3 liquid Va volume before immersion
2 bulb 2 4 specimen Vb volume after immersion

Figure 1 — Specimen-immersion apparatus

5.3.2 Extrusion compounds

Specimens shall be square with an edge (60 ± 1) mm long and a thickness between 1,0 mm and 1,1 mm.
They shall be cut from a sheet of this thickness prepared under the conditions given in the appropriate product
specification (or under the conditions given by the supplier of the material).

A square specimen measuring 60 mm ¥ 60 mm ¥ 2 mm may be used by agreement between the interested

parties.

5.3.3 Sheets and plates

Specimens shall be square with an edge (60 ± 1) mm long and shall be machined in accordance with
ISO 2818 from the sheet or plate submitted for test.

If the nominal thickness of the sheet or plate is less than or equal to 25 mm, the thickness of the specimens
shall be the same as that of the sheet or plate.

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If the nominal thickness is greater than 25 mm, and in the absence of special provisions in the relevant
specification, the thickness of the specimen shall be reduced to between 1,0 mm and 1,1 mm or between
2,0 mm and 2,1 mm by machining one face only.

NOTE For Fickian diffusion, the time to reach equilibrium increases in proportion to the square of the specimen
thickness. In particular, 25-mm-thick specimens will typically require more than 5 years to reach equilibrium.

5.3.4 Tubes and rods

5.3.4.1 Tubes

If possible, reference shall be made to the relevant International Standards for the material under test 2). In the
absence of specific International Standards, the specimen shall be a piece of tube of length (60 ± 1) mm,
obtained by cutting it at right angles to its longitudinal axis.

For tubes of outside diameter greater than 60 mm, a length of (60 ± 1) mm shall be cut and the test specimen
prepared from this length by making a cut along each of two planes containing the longitudinal axis of the tube,
so as to give a developed width of (60 ± 1) mm when measured on the outer surface.

5.3.4.2 Rods

For rods of diameter less than or equal to 60 mm, the test specimen shall be a piece of the rod of length
(60 ± 1) mm, obtained by cutting it at right angles to its longitudinal axis.

For rods of diameter greater than 60 mm, in the absence of any specification agreed between the interested
parties, the test specimen shall be a (60 ± 1) mm length of the rod with its diameter reduced to (60 ± 1) mm by
machining concentrically.

5.3.5 Profile sections

In the absence of specific International Standards, cut a (60 ± 1) mm long piece of the profile section and use
this as the test specimen. Ensure the thickness of the piece approximates as closely as possible to 1,0 mm to
1,1 mm, if necessary by machining one face only. The exact thickness to be achieved and the machining
conditions shall be subject to agreement between the interested parties.
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5.4 Determination of changes in mass 3)

5.4.1 Procedure

5.4.1.1 Conditioning

Condition the specimens in accordance with 4.5 and select the test conditions in accordance with 4.1 to 4.3.

5.4.1.2 Measurement of initial mass

Determine the mass m1 of each specimen to the nearest 1 mg in the case of specimens of mass greater than
or equal to 1 g, or to the nearest 0,1 mg in the case of specimens of mass less than 1 g.

Immerse the specimens in the test liquid as indicated in 4.6.2.

2) The preparation of methods of test for plastics pipes is the responsibility of ISO/TC 138, Plastics pipes, fittings and
valves for the transport of fluids. The general procedures described in this International Standard have been used as a
basis for the appropriate methods of evaluating the effects of liquid chemicals on plastic pipes.
ISO 4433 (all parts), specifies the method of test for polyolefin, PVC and PVDF pipes.
3) In the case of water, see ISO 62.

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5.4.1.3 Measurement of mass immediately after removal from the liquid

After removal from the test liquid, rinse and wipe the specimens in accordance with 4.6.3 and place each
specimen in a tared weighing bottle, stopper it and determine the mass of the specimen m2 to the nearest
1 mg or 0,1 mg as appropriate (see 5.4.1.2).

If the liquid used for the test is volatile at ambient temperature, the time during which the specimen is exposed
to the air shall not exceed 30 s. If it is necessary to continue the test after weighing (i.e. when testing as a
function of time), immediately replace the specimens in the test liquid and put the beakers back in the
thermostatically controlled enclosure.

5.4.1.4 Measurement of mass immediately after removal and after drying

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After carrying out 5.4.1.3, remove the specimens from the weighing bottles and dry them in the oven at the
specified temperature to constant mass. For 1-mm-thick specimens dried at (50 ± 2) °C, this usually takes 2 h.
Allow the specimens to cool if necessary, recondition them in accordance with 4.5 and determine the mass m3
of each specimen.

NOTE The reconditioning stage may be omitted by agreement between the interested parties.

5.4.1.5 Measurement of mass only after drying

Alternatively, immediately after removal from the test liquid, rinse and wipe the specimens in accordance with
4.6.3, then place them in the oven and proceed as in 5.4.1.4.

5.4.2 Calculation and expression of results

5.4.2.1 Report, as applicable, for each specimen, the mass, in milligrams,

a) before immersion, m1;

b) immediately after removal from the liquid, m2;

c) after removal, drying and reconditioning, m3.

Calculate, as applicable, the values of

m2 − m 1

and/or

m3 − m 1

and report these values together with their signs.

5.4.2.2 In addition, calculate the following.

5.4.2.2.1 Change in mass per unit area

For each specimen, calculate the increase or decrease in mass per unit area, expressed in milligrams per
square centimetre, using the following formulae:

⎯ immediately after removal from the liquid (if applicable):

m 2 − m1
A

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⎯ after removal, drying and reconditioning:

m3 − m1
A

where A is the total initial surface area, in square centimetres, of the specimen.

5.4.2.2.2 Percentage change in mass

For each specimen, calculate the percentage increase or decrease in mass using the following formulae:

⎯ immediately after removal from the liquid (if applicable):

m 2 − m1
× 100
m1

⎯ after removal, drying and reconditioning:

m3 − m1
× 100
m1

5.4.2.3 In every case, calculate the arithmetic mean of the results for specimens taken from the same
sample.

5.5 Determination of changes in dimensions

5.5.1 Procedure
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5.5.1.1 Conditioning

Condition the specimens in accordance with 4.5 and select the test conditions in accordance with 4.1 to 4.3.

5.5.1.2 Measurement of initial dimensions

5.5.1.2.1 Square specimens

Mark the four sides of the specimen and measure the length of each side to the nearest 0,1 mm, using the
calliper gauge. Record the mean, l1.

Measure, to the nearest 0,01 mm, the thickness of the specimen at four marked points situated at least 10 mm
from the edges of the specimen, using the dial micrometer. Record the mean, h1.

5.5.1.2.2 Rods and profile sections

Measure and record the length l1 of the specimen to the nearest 0,1 mm, using the calliper gauge.

Measure the thickness of the specimen at four marked points to the nearest 0,01 mm, using the dial
micrometer. Record the mean, h1.

If the thickness of a profile section is not constant, measure it in two regions of different thickness.

5.5.1.2.3 Tubes

Measure the mean outside diameter d1, the length l1 and the wall thickness h1 as specified in ISO 3126.

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5.5.1.3 Measurement of initial volume

Measure the volume V1 of the test specimen at 23 °C, using the graduated glass tube (5.2.3.3).

5.5.1.4 Immersion

Immerse the specimens as indicated in 4.6.2, using a beaker or the apparatus described in 5.2.3.4.

5.5.1.5 Measurement of dimensions immediately after removal from the liquid

After removal from the test liquid, rinse and wipe the specimens in accordance with 4.6.3 and make the same
measurements on each specimen as in 5.5.1.2. Record the mean values, d2, l2 and h2 or V2, as appropriate.

It is important not to wait before commencing the determination of the dimensions.

5.5.1.6 Measurement of dimensions immediately after removal and after drying

After carrying out 5.5.1.5, dry the specimens in the oven at the specified temperature and for the specified
time, usually for 2 h at (50 ± 2) °C. Allow the specimens to cool if necessary, recondition them in accordance
with 4.5 and make the same measurements on each specimen as in 5.5.1.2. Record the mean values, d3, l3
and h3 or V3, as appropriate.

NOTE The reconditioning stage can be omitted by agreement between the interested parties.

5.5.1.7 Measurement of dimensions only after drying

Alternatively, immediately after removal from the test liquid, rinse and wipe the specimens in accordance with
4.6.3, then place them in the oven and proceed as in 5.5.1.6.

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5.5.1.8 Measurement of volume of liquid absorbed

Determine the amount of absorbed liquid as described in 5.2.3.4, i.e. as the difference between the initial
volume and the volume remaining after removal of the specimens.

5.5.2 Calculation and expression of results

5.5.2.1 In addition to reporting the initial and final dimensions or volumes, or both, express the swelling
ratio as a ratio or as a percentage of the initial value:

V − V1 ΔV Vb − V a
Q= 2 = =
V1 V1 V1

or, expressed as a percentage:

ΔV
Q' = × 100
V1

A swelling ratio of zero signifies that the liquid has had no effect.

5.5.2.2 Calculate the arithmetic mean of the results relating to specimens taken from the same sample.

5.5.2.3 If applicable, plot graphs of the results as a function of the immersion time (see 4.7.2).

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5.6 Determination of changes in colour or other appearance attributes

5.6.1 General

Examination of changes in colour or other appearance attributes may be conducted together with the other
tests described in this International Standard, or they may be carried out separately. In every case, prepare
supplementary specimens for comparison.

5.6.2 Procedure

5.6.2.1 If the changes in colour or other appearance attributes are determined as a complement to one of
the tests specified in this International Standard, use the procedure specified for that test.

5.6.2.2 If the changes in colour or other appearance attributes are determined separately, use the
general procedure (see Clause 4), subject to agreement between the interested parties.

5.6.2.3 Examine each specimen, in comparison with an untreated specimen, in accordance with
ISO 4582 and record any changes in the following properties:

a) colour:

⎯ by instrumental methods;

⎯ by visual assessment using a grey scale;

b) other appearance properties:

⎯ by instrumental measurements (gloss, transparency);

⎯ by visual assessment of the changes in the following appearance properties:

⎯ development of crazing and cracking;

⎯ development of blisters, pitting and other similar effects;

⎯ presence of material which can be easily rubbed off;

⎯ tacky appearance;

⎯ delamination, warping or other deformation;

⎯ partial dissolution;

using the notation scale given in Table 1.

Table 1

Qualitatively estimated changes

none
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barely perceptible
slight
moderate
substantial

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5.6.3 Expression of results

Express the results in accordance with ISO 4582 and, in the case of visual assessment of appearance
properties, by the notation scale given in Table 1.

Report separately the results relating to specimens that have been simply immersed and wiped dry and those
relating to specimens that have also been oven-dried and reconditioned.

6 Determination of changes in other physical properties

6.1 General

The properties investigated may include mechanical, electrical, thermal or optical properties.

6.2 Apparatus

6.2.1 Apparatus specified in 5.2, excluding the balances unless required for special cases.

6.2.2 Additional apparatus, as specified in the appropriate International Standards for the determination of
the properties under investigation.

6.3 Test specimens

6.3.1 Shape and dimensions

The specimens shall have the shape and dimensions specified in the relevant International Standards for the
determination of the properties under investigation.

If several sizes of test specimen are allowed, it is recommended that the size having a thickness nearest to
4 mm be chosen (see Note to Clause 3).

6.3.2 Preparation

Follow the instructions in the relevant International Standard.

Certain properties are very sensitive to internal stresses in the test specimens. Consequently, in order to
evaluate end products, it is recommended that specimens taken from these products be used rather than
specially moulded or extruded specimens.

6.3.3 Number

Prepare the number of specimens specified in the relevant International Standard. In the case of tests that
alter the test specimen (in particular, tests to destruction), prepare additional specimens to serve as controls.

6.4 Procedure

6.4.1 Conditioning and measurement of initial values

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Condition the specimens in accordance with 4.5 and select the test conditions in accordance with 4.1 to 4.3.

Determine the initial values of the selected physical properties in accordance with the relevant International
Standards.

Immerse the specimens in the test liquid as indicated in 4.6.2.

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6.4.2 Measurement immediately after removal from the liquid

After removal from the test liquid, rinse and wipe the specimens in accordance with 4.6.3 and remeasure the
properties as in 6.4.1.

If the liquid used in the test is volatile at ambient temperature, start determining the properties within 2 min to
3 min after removal of the specimens from the liquid.

6.4.3 Measurement after removal and after drying

After carrying out 6.4.2, dry the specimens in the oven, maintained at the specified temperature, for the
specified time or, in the absence of any specification, at (50 ± 2) °C for 2 h ± 15 min. Allow the specimens to
cool if necessary, recondition them in accordance with 4.5 and remeasure the properties in accordance with
the relevant International Standards.
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NOTE The reconditioning stage can be omitted by agreement between the interested parties.

6.4.4 Measurement only after drying

Alternatively, immediately after removal from the test liquid, rinse and wipe the specimens in accordance with
4.6.3, then place them in the oven and proceed as in 6.4.3.

6.5 Calculation and expression of results

6.5.1 Calculate the values of the properties as specified in the relevant International Standards.

Calculate, as applicable, the average values of:

Y1 the value of the property for each specimen before immersion (or of the control specimen);

Y2 the value of the property for each specimen immediately after removal from the liquid;

Y3 the value of the property for each specimen after removal, drying and reconditioning.

6.5.2 For predictable properties (i.e. those which vary in accordance with a well defined law), calculate the
final percentage value of each property with respect to the initial value 4) using the following formulae:

Y2
× 100 for the percentage change after removal from the liquid;
Y1

Y3
× 100 for the percentage change after removal, drying and reconditioning.
Y1

These percentages may be greater than, equal to or less than 100 %. A value of exactly 100 % signifies that
the liquid has had no effect.

6.5.3 If applicable, plot graphs of the results as a function of the immersion time.

7 Precision
No relevant precision data are currently available. When interlaboratory data are obtained, a precision
statement will be added.

4) This calculation has no significance for properties which vary arbitrarily.

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8 Test report
The test report shall include the following information:

a) a reference to this International Standard;

b) all details necessary for complete identification of the material or product tested;

c) the type of specimen used, its method of preparation, its dimensions, surface condition, etc.;

d) the conditioning procedure used;

e) the test liquid used, the immersion temperature and the immersion time(s), and any other applicable
conditions (illumination or darkness, exposure to vapour, etc.);

f) the temperature and length of any drying procedure used;

g) the methods of visual examination used;

h) the properties investigated and the methods of test used;

i) the results obtained, determined in accordance with 4.7, 5.4.2, 5.5.2, 5.6.3 and/or 6.5, as applicable, plus,
if prepared, graphs of the results as a function of time;

j) if requested, the result of the examination of the test liquid after the test;

k) any occurrence likely to have had an effect on the results.

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Annex A
(normative)

Types of test liquid

A.1 Tables A.1 and A.2 provide details of laboratory chemicals and miscellaneous products which may be
used as test liquids by agreement between the interested parties.

All laboratory chemicals used shall be of laboratory reagent quality.

The quality, reference and/or composition of any of the miscellaneous products used shall, if necessary, be
subject to agreement between the interested parties.

WARNING — The preparation of certain of these liquids by dilution of concentrated products can be
dangerous and should be undertaken only under the supervision of an experienced chemist.

A.2 The hazards associated with the handling of these products, together with the precautions to be taken,
are indicated in the tables by the following key:

A Products that are corrosive to various degrees and which should never come into contact with the skin
or clothing. Use safety pipettes only.

B Flammable products, not to be handled near a source of ignition.

C Products that give off irritant or toxic fumes and which should be handled only under an efficiently
ventilated hood.

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Table A.1 — Laboratory chemicals

Test liquid Concentrationa Precautions Comments Density
to be taken at
(see clauses 20 °Cb
A.1 and A.2)
% by mass kg/m3 kg/m3
Acetic acid 99,5 A+C Concentrated 1 050
Acetic acid Add 50 ml of concentrated acetic acid to
5 50
950 ml of water
Acetone 100 B 785
Ammonium hydroxide solution 25 230 A+C Expressed as ammonia (NH3) 907
Ammonium hydroxide solution 10 96 A+C Expressed as ammonia (NH3) 958
Aniline 100 A+C 1 021
Chromic acid solution 40 Add 3 ml of concentrated sulfuric acid per
550 A+C
(as CrO3) litre of solution
Citric acid solution 10 100
Diethyl ether 100 B+C 719
Distilled water 100
Ethanol 770 B 96 % by volume (71° O.P.) 802
Ethanol 1 000 ml of 96 % by volume ethanol and
50 460
740 ml of water
Ethyl acetate 100 B+C 901
n-Heptane 100 B 683
Hydrochloric acid 36 A+C Concentrated 1 180
Hydrochloric acid Add 250 ml of concentrated hydrochloric
10 105 A+C
acid to 750 ml of water
Hydrofluoric acid c 40 450 A+C 1 160
Hydrogen peroxide 30 330 A Not diluted
Hydrogen peroxide 10 volumes of 30 % by volume H2O2 and
3 31 A
90 volumes of water
Lactic acid 10 100
Methanol 100 B+C 790
Nitric acid 70 A+C Concentrated 1 420
Nitric acid Add 500 ml of concentrated nitric acid to
40 500 A 1 250
540 ml of water
Nitric acid Add 105 ml of concentrated nitric acid to
10 105 A 1 050
900 ml of water
Oleic acid 100 890
Phenol solution 5 50 A
Sodium carbonate solution 20 216 A Expressed as Na2CO3◊10H2O 1 080
Sodium carbonate solution 2 20 1 010
Sodium chloride solution 10 108 1 070
Sodium hydroxide solution 40 575 A 1 430
Sodium hydroxide solution 1 10 A 1 010
Sodium hypochlorite solution 10 A+C 9,5 % active chlorine
Sulfuric acid 98 A Concentrated 1 840
Sulfuric acid Add 695 ml of concentrated sulfuric acid
75 1 250 A 1 670
to 420 ml of water
Sulfuric acid 10 A c(H2SO4) = 1 mol/l
Sulfuric acid 5 A c(H2SO4) = 0,5 mol/l
Toluene 100 B 871
2,2,4-Trimethylpentane
100 B 698
(iso-octane)
a The numerical values of concentrations in grams per litre and in kilograms per cubic metre are the same.
b The mass per unit volume in grams per millilitre is obtained by dividing the mass per unit volume in kilograms per cubic metre by
1 000.
c If, during use, hydrofluoric acid solution is splashed onto the skin, treat the skin immediately with a solution or gel of calcium
gluconate.

17
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Table A.2 — Miscellaneous products

Test liquid Remarks Precautions
to be taken
(see A.1 and A.2)
Mineral oil For example, reference oil No. 1, 2 or 3 as specified in ISO 1817:2005a
Insulating oil In accordance with IEC 60296
Olive oil Quality to be specified
Cotton seed oil Quality to be specified
Solvent mixtures For example, reference liquid A, B, C or D as specified in ISO 1817:2005a B
Soap solution 1 % soap solution prepared from soap flakes
Detergent Quality and concentration to be specified
Essence of turpentine Quality to be specified B
Kerosene Quality to be specified B
Petrol (gasoline) Quality to be specified b B
a ISO 1817 deals with the effect of liquids on vulcanized elastomers.
b The petrol shall not contain benzene.

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Annex B
(informative)

Notes on the absorption of moisture by plastic specimens in equilibrium

with a conditioning atmosphere

B.1 The amount and rate of absorption of moisture by a specimen conditioned in a humid atmosphere
varies considerably depending on the nature of the plastic.

B.2 The conditioning procedures established in this International Standard (see 4.5) are generally
satisfactory with the exception of:

a) materials that are known to reach equilibrium with their conditioning atmosphere only after a very long
time (for example, certain polyamides);

b) new materials or those of unknown structure, for which no a priori forecast can be made either of their
ability to absorb moisture or of the time required to reach equilibrium.

B.3 For the materials mentioned in B.2, one of the following procedures may be used:

a) Drying the material at elevated temperature. This procedure has the disadvantage that certain properties,
in particular mechanical ones, differ in the dried state from those obtained after conditioning in an
atmosphere at (23 ± 2) °C and (50 ± 10) % relative humidity.

b) Conditioning the specimens in an atmosphere 23/50, class 2, as defined in ISO 291:2008 until equilibrium
is reached. In this case, a convenient criterion may be for the mass to be constant within 0,1 % for two
determinations separated by an interval of h2 weeks (h being the thickness, in millimetres, of the
specimen). For certain polymers, it is sufficient to plot the mass/time graph, with time intervals very much
less than h2 weeks; for practical purposes, equilibrium is considered to be reached when the gradient of
the graph, expressed as a percentage, is equivalent to 0,1 % over h2 weeks.
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Bibliography

[1] ISO 62, Plastics — Determination of water absorption

[2] ISO 293, Plastics — Compression moulding test specimens of thermoplastic materials

[3] ISO 295, Plastics — Compression moulding of test specimens of thermosetting materials

[4] ISO 1817:2005, Rubber, vulcanized — Determination of the effect of liquids

[5] ISO 3205:1976, Preferred test temperatures

[6] ISO 4433 (all parts):1997, Thermoplastics pipes — Resistance to liquid chemicals — Classification

[7] ISO 22088 (all parts), Plastics — Determination of resistance to environmental stress cracking (ESC)

[8] MENCER, H.J. and GOMZI, Z. Swelling Kinetics of Polymer-Solvent Systems. Eur. Polymer J., 30(1),
1994, pp. 33-36

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