虚拟语气

英语动词有四种语气： 语气、 语气、 语气和 语气。

I． 概念: 虚拟语气是动词的一种特殊形式， 用来表达说话人的 ， ， 或 ，以及在说话人看来实现可能性 的情况。英语中有两种形式的虚拟语气： 的虚拟语气和

的虚拟语气。

II. 条件句中的虚拟语气
真实条件句：表可现实的条件。
非真实条件句：表不可现实的条件。
1) If you have some questions, you can ask me anytime.
2) If I were a bird, I would fly to London.
3) If you had got up earlier, you could have caught the train last morning.
4) If it were to snow tomorrow, they would go out to take some photos.

非真实条件句分成以下三种句式：
虚拟条件句 主句
1 与现在事实相反

2 与过去事实相反

3 与将来事实相反 ①
②
注：虚拟语气中助动词 be 一律用 were，不用 was。

1.与现在事实相反
1) If I had a car, I should be very happy. (but I haven’t a car, so I am not happy.)
2) If I were a bird, I could fly. (but I am not a bird, so I can’t fly. )
3) I he took his teacher’s advice, he might pass the exam. (but he doesn’t take his teacher’s advice, so he doesn't pass the exam. )
4) If it weren’t raining, we should go for a picnic. (but it is raining, so we don’t go out for a picnic.)
题例：
1) If my father __________ here now, he _________ tell me what to do.
A. were, would B. were, will C. is, would D. is, will
2) If I ________ a bee, I __________ work much harder.
A. were, would B. were, shall C. had, will D. have, should
3) If I _______ much money, I _________ buy a house.
A. have, will B. had, should C. had, will D. have, should
4) He __________ learn more quickly if he _________ harder.
A. will, work B. would, worked C. would, work D. will, worked
5) If I __________ you, I _________ do that.
A. was, wouldn’t B. were, wouldn’t C. am, won’t D. were, won’t
2.与过去事实相反
1) If I had known her telephone number, I would have called her. (but I didn't know her telephone number, so I didn’t call her.)
2) If you had come ten minutes earlier, you could have met that famous film star.
(but you didn’t come ten minutes earlier, so you didn't see that famous film star.)
3) If I had realized the importance of English study, I should have worked much harder.
(but I didn’t realize the importance of English study, so I didn't work harder.)
题例：
1) If you _________ the doctor’s advice, you would have recognized already.
A. followed B. would follow C. follow D. had followed
2) If my lawyer __________ here last Saturday, he ___________ me from going.
A. had been, would have prevented B. had been, would prevent
C. were, would prevent D. were, would have prevented
3) I __________ if she _________ me.
A. would have overslept, didn’t call B. would have overslept, hadn’t called
C. overslept, hadn't called D. would overslept, didn’t call
4) ---- If he ________, he ________that food.
-----Luckily he was sent to the hospital immediately.
A. was warned, would not take B. had been warned, would not have taken
C. would be warned, had not taken D. would have been warned, had not taken
5) She _______ to the party if she _______ invited.
A. would have gone, had been B. would go, was
C. would have gone, was D. has gone
3.与将来事实相反
例：1) If I were to be twenty years old, I would take the course of computer science.
(but I am not twenty years old, so I will not take the course of computer science.)
2) If I did /should do/were to do that, she would feel very surprised. (but I don’t do that, so she will not feel surprised.)
3) If I failed, I would try again. (but if I don’t fail, I will not try again.)
题例：
1) It’s quite impossible that it will rain tomorrow. But if it _________, I would still go to the park.
A. should rain B. would rain C. rain D. had rained
2) I don’t think that I shall fail. But if I _______, I would try again.
A. fail B. would fail C. failed D. had failed
注意：
1）如条件句中有 were, had, should,可把 if 省略掉，把 were, had, should 提前，变为倒装句式。
e.g. If it weren’t for the expense, I would go abroad now.→ Were it not for the expense, I would go abroad now.
e.g. If we had made a great effort, we might have succeeded.→
e.g. If it should be necessary, I would go. →
2) 有些句子主句谓语和从句谓语表示的动作在时间上并不一致，这类句子称为“错综时间条件句”。
① 要是你之前努力学习，你现在就是一名大学生了。

② 要是他事先没有采纳我的建议，他就不会做得像现在这样好。

3）用介词短语 but for, without 等来代替条件状语从句。

If it had not been for your help, we couldn’t have finished the work。
= But for / Without .
4）省去主句的条件句常用 if only 引导，表示一种不可能实现的愿望。If 条件句的谓语形式：
谓语用过去式（与现在事实相反）
谓语用 had done（与过去事实相反）
谓语用 could/would/might + do（与将来事实相反）
e.g. ①If only I were a bird.
② 要是我之前去过那里就好了。
③ 要是明天雨停了就好了。

III．非条件句中的虚拟语气
1.用于宾语从句中
 1）wish 后的宾语从句用虚拟语气，表示一种不可能实现的愿望。谓语形式：
过去式（宾语从句动作与 wish 同时）
had + done(宾语从句动作先于 wish)
could/would/might+do（宾语从句动作后于 wish）
e.g. ①I wish (that) I were a flying bird.
②I wish (that) I had met that film star yesterday.
③I wish he would try again.
例：a. -----Do you have a type writer?
-----No, but I wish I _____.
A. have B. had C. do D. had had
b. I wish I ____ my time when I was young.
A. didn’t waste B. shouldn't have waste C. hadn’t waste D. wouldn't have wasted
c. I wish we _____ with my brother when he flies to England next week.
A. could go B. had gone C. will go D. are going
2) 用于表示建议、命令等词后的宾语从句中，如 insist, demand, desire, require, request, order, propose, command, advise, prefer, suggest 等。宾语从句的虚拟
语气结构为：(should)+do
e.g. He ordered that the boy (should) go with him.
▲注意：当 suggest 作“暗示；表明”讲，insist 作“强调”讲，宾语从句不用虚拟语气。
e.g. ①The look on his face suggested that he was angry.
②Mike insisted that he had never stolen anything.
3) would rather 后的宾语从句用过去式表与现在或将来事实相反，用过去完成式表与过去事实相反。
e.g. ①I’d rather you went home now.
②I’d rather you hadn’t made that mistake.
2.用于主语从句中
在表达惊异、惋惜、遗憾、理应如此等意义的主语从句中常使用虚拟语气，其虚拟语气的结构为： should + 动词原形（或 should+ have+ 过去分词），主句中的谓语动词形式不限。Should 在此时是时
态助动词，本身无意义。
句型：
(1) It is admirable / dreadful / extraordinary / odd / remarkable / sad / advisable / annoying / disappointing / surprising / upsetting / frightening /
better / best / curious / desirable / important / strange / peculiar / proper / necessary / natural …that…
(2) It is a pity / a shame / no wonder…. that…
(3) It is suggested / requested / desired / proposed /…. that …
(4) It worries me that…
如：
It is important that we should do well in our lessons first. 我们先把功课学好很重要。
翻译：
1) 很奇怪，他竟没有来。
2) 真遗憾我们昨天晚上没有见过面。
3) 我们竟要受责备真让人烦恼。

3. 表语从句及同位语从句中虚拟语气
表示请求、要求、命令、建议等名词 advice, desire, decision, idea, instruction, order, plan, proposal, recommendation, request, requirement, suggestion,
wish 充当句子的主语而后面接表语从句或它们后面接同位语时，表语从句及同位语从句都须用虚拟语气。其虚拟语气的结构为：(should) + 动词原形。如：
翻译：
1) 我们接受了他的建议：我们应该请求老师的帮助。
2) 他的建议就是我们的工作要更细心些。
3) 他告诉了我们他的想法：他想上大学。
4) 他们的计划就是在家乡建一座新工厂。

4.常见的要求使用虚拟语气的特殊动词，词组，句形。
 1) about time
It is+ time + that +主语＋ V-ed
high time

例：a. It’s about time that you _____ your store.

A. close B. closed C. have closed D. had closed
b. It’s high time that he _____to think how to deal with the money.
A. would begin B. began C. begin D. will begin
2) What if….?
例：a. ---He would go to see you.
---_________ He did not come?
A. What if B. Where if C. What come D. Why whether
3) as if, as though 表不可能，不真实情况时的虚拟语气
例： a. They look rather puzzled, as if /though they didn’t know. 表现在
b. You look as if /though you had seen a ghost. 表过去
c. He is very happy as if /though he could win the game. 表将来
5.“情态动词 + have + done”的用法
1）must have done:“(过去)一定做了…”(否定式为 can’t/couldn’t have done)
e.g. It must have rained last night for the road is quite muddy.
2) can/could have done：“本来能够做…；过去可能会做…”
e.g. Can he have gone to his uncle’s?
3) can’t/couldn’t have done:“过去不可能做…；过去没能够…”
e.g. He can’t have forgotten it.
4) may/might have done：“也许已经做…”（只用于肯定句与否定句中，不用于疑问句；否定句中表示“可能不”，用 might 表示语气更不肯定）
e.g. He may not have finished the work.
5）should/ought to have done:“本该做…（实际未做）”
e.g. You ought to have done this exercise more carefully.
6) shouldn’t/ought not to have done:“本不该做…（实际做了）”
e.g. you shouldn’t have told her the truth.
7) needn’t have done:“本不必做…（实际做了）”
e.g. You needn’t have taken a taxi here, for it was very near to my house.
8) had better have done:“当时最好做了…”（否定式为 had better not have done）
e.g. You had better not have beaten her.
9) would rather have done：“宁愿当时做了…”
（否定式为 would rather not have done,两者都有“后悔”之意）
e.g. I ignored her opinion, but now I would rather not have done that.
10) would like/love to have done sth. “过去愿意做…（实际未做成）”
e.g. I would love to have gone to the party last night, but I had to work.

虚拟语气练习题精选 1
1. I advised that sister ________ at her desk all day.
A. mustn’t B. not read C. doesn’t read D. needn’t read
2. The situation required that China __________ its door to the outside world.
A. must open B. should open C. have to open D. has to open
3. I ________ you a more valuable present for your birthday. I was short of money at that time.
A. must have brought B. would have bought C. had bought D. would buy
4. ----Do you want him to lend you some money?
-----I wish he __________.
 A. had B. did C. would D. should
5. _______he come , the problem would be settled.
A.Would B. Should C. Shall D. If
6. It was required that each student _________ enough food on the trip.
A. had better bring B. would bring C. brought D. bring
7. You __________ the meeting yesterday. Why are you absent?
A. had seen B. might have seen C. were to see D. would see
8. She didn’t come yesterday, or you _________him.
A. had seen B. might have seen C. were to see D. would see
9. ___________ you ________last Wednesday, you might know it well.
A . Were, to come B. If, came C. Had, come D. Did, come
10. I was ill that day, otherwise I _________the sports meet.
A. would have taken part in B. took part in C. had taken part in D. would take part in
11. She couldn’t have answered the question if she _________ a few books on world history.
A. didn’t read B wouldn’t read C haven’t read D hadn’t read
12. When a pencil is partly in a glass of water, it looks as if it __________.
A breaks B has broken C were broken D had been broken
13 We should have arrived sooner except we _________ a flat tyre.
A had B would C has not D has
14 ----Why didn’t you help him?
----I would have_______ I didn’t have the money.
A still B but C otherwise D or
15. I would rather she _____________ with her friends that alone.
A travel on train B traveled by train C travels by train D travelling by the train
16. I would have invited her to the party but I ____________ her well.
A don't know B didn’t know C hadn’t known D haven’t known
17. It was ordered that no smoking __________ in the library.
A was allowed B be allowed C would be allowed D had been allowed
18. ________ here, he would attend the lecture.
A. Had he been B If he was C Were he D Was he
19. Without electricity, what __________?
A. will the world be like
B. would the world be like
C. the world would be like
D. the world will be like

虚拟语气练习题精选 2
1. The teacher demanded that the exam _____ before eleven.
A. must finish B. would be finished C. be finished D. must be finished
2. She made the demand that the journalists _____ at once ______ Iraq.
A. leave; for B. leave; to C. left; to D. to be left; for
3. He is talking so much about America as if he _____ there.
A. had been B. has been C. was D. has gone
4. The young man insisted that he _____ nothing wrong and _____ free.
A. did; set B. had done; should be set
C. should do; be set D. had done; must be set
5. I suggested there ____ be a kind of language all could understand and use ____ .
A. can; it B. /; / C. would; it D. may; /
6. The suggestion has been made _____ the basketball game _____ put off.
A. for; to B. that; be C. which; should be D. to; being
7. The order came that the medical supplies _____ to Beijing for the Sars soon.
A. would be sent B. should send C. be sent D. must be sent
8. It is important that we _____ wild animals.
A. will protect B. should protect C. shall protect D. are protecting
9. Had you listened to the doctor, you _____ all right now.
A. are B. were C. would be D. would have been
10. _____ any change about the date, please tell me immediately.
A. Will there be B. Should there be C. There will be D. There should be
11. _____ today, he would get there by Friday.
A. Would he leave B. Was he leaving
C. Were he to leave D. If he leave
12. Should it rain, the crops _____ .
A. would be saved B. would have been saved
C. will be saved D. had been saved
13. You _____ come earlier. The bus left a moment ago.
A. would B. should have C. may D. have
14. He treated me as though/as if _____ his own son.
A. I am B. I would be C. I was D. I were
15. I _____ you some money, but I hadn’t any on me then.
A. would lend B. would have lent C. could lend D. may have lent
16. A few minutes earlier and we _____ the rain.
A. have caught B. had caught C. could have caught D. were to catch
17. --- “Have you ever been to Beijing?” --- “No, but I wish I _____”
A. have B. will C. do D. had
18. I’m glad I went over all my notes; otherwise _____ .
A. I may have failed B. I’d fail C. I’d have failedD. I’ll have failed
19. --- “What will you do during the summer holiday?”
--- “I don’t know, but it’s high time _____ something.”
A. I’m deciding B. I’ll decide C. I decided D. I decide
20. What should we do if it _____ tomorrow?
A. should snow B. would snow C. snow D. will snow
21. If only I _____ my watch!
A. hadn’t lost B. haven’t lost C. didn’t lost D. don’t lose
22. You _____ such a serious mistake if you had followed his advice.
A. may not make B. might not make
C. shouldn’t have made D. might not have made
23. We _____ the work on time without your help.
A. hadn’t had finished B. didn’t have finished
C. couldn’t have finished D. can’t have finished
24. --- “Where have you been?”
--- “I got caught in traffic; otherwise _____ sooner.”
A. I would be here B. I have been here
C. I had been here D. I would have been here
25. If it were not for the fact that you _____ ill, I would ask you to do this right now.
A. were B. had been C. are D. should be

虚拟语气翻译练习
1. 明天要是星期天的话，我就去看望我的朋友。
2. 我要是你，我就去试试。

3. 如果幻想能成为马匹，叫花子都有了坐骑

4. 要是他们把我当奴隶对待，我就走。

5. 如果昨天我知道你的电话号码，我就给你打电话了。

6. 今天早上要是没下雨，我就去买东西了。

7. 倘若我们没有修建这么多的水库，洪水就会使人民遭受巨大的损失。

8. 明天如果他在这里的话，我就和他谈谈。

9. 你要是把杯子掉下来，会打碎的。

10. 她要是有时间，就会帮我了。

11. 要是我做这项工作，我就会以不同的方式去做。

12. 假如校长来了，我们对他说什么呢？

13. 如果需要的话，我可以立即去。（= If it were necessary......）

14. 你要是听了我的建议，就不会考试不及格了。（= If you had taken my advice......）

15. 要是有时间，我就去看她。（= If I should have time......）

16. 如果你昨天不看电视，你现在也就不会这么困了。（从句 yesterday 说明过去，主句 now 说明现在）

17. 如果他们今天一早就离开家的话，再过半小时他们就该到了。（从句说明过去，主句说明将来。）

18. 如果你此刻犹豫不决，你将来会吃苦头的。（从句说明现在，主句说明将来）

19. 没有你的帮助，他就不会有今天的成果。(条件暗含在介词短语 without your help 中)

20. 要不是有你，我就不会恢复得这么快。(条件暗含在 But for you 中)

21. 同样的事，如发生在过去，就会酿成大祸。(条件暗含在分词短语 happening in the past 中)

22. 他一定是去过那儿，否则他绝不会对那个地方如此熟悉。(暗含条件是连词 or)

23. 她病了，否则的话就会出席会议了。（条件通过连词 otherwise/or 表示出来 If she had not been ill...）

24. 我让他自己去那里，但也许我应该和他一道去。（连词 but 暗示条件）