Structure & Written
Expressions
An Introduction to TOEFL Paper-based Preparation
Compiled by Lutfi Ashar Mauludin
Bahasa Inggris I Handout
Faculty of Vocational Studies
Universitas Airlangga
Course Outline .....................................................6
Subject/Verb Agreement .....................................8
Basic Form ........................................................................................................................8
Agreement after Prepositional Phrases ...........................................................................8
Exercise 1 ..........................................................................................................................9
Agreement after expressions of quantity .........................................................................9
Exercise 2 ........................................................................................................................10
Inverted verb agreement ................................................................................................10
Exercise 3 .........................................................................................................................11
Agreement after certain words ........................................................................................11
Exercise 4 .........................................................................................................................11
Exercise 5 ........................................................................................................................12
TOEFL Exercise ..............................................................................................................12
Parallel Structure ...............................................14
Basic Form ......................................................................................................................14
Coordinate Conjunctions ................................................................................................14
Exercise 1 .........................................................................................................................15
Paired Conjunctions ........................................................................................................15
Exercise 2 ........................................................................................................................15
Comparison .....................................................................................................................16
Exercise 3 ........................................................................................................................16
Exercise 4.........................................................................................................................17
TOEFL Exercise 1 ............................................................................................................17
TOEFL Exercise 2 ...........................................................................................................18
TOEFL Exercise 3 ...........................................................................................................19
Form of the Verb ................................................21
Basic Form ......................................................................................................................21
Have/has followed by Past Participle ............................................................................22
Exercise 1 ........................................................................................................................22
Be followed by Present Participle ...................................................................................22
Exercise 2 ........................................................................................................................23
Modals followed by the Base Verb .................................................................................23
Exercise 3 ........................................................................................................................23
Comparisons ...................................................................................................................23
Exercise 4 ........................................................................................................................25
Passive Verbs ..................................................................................................................25
Exercise 5 ........................................................................................................................25
TOEFL Exercise 1 ...........................................................................................................26
TOEFL Exercise 2 ...........................................................................................................27
Problems with the Verbs ...................................28
Past and Present .............................................................................................................29
Exercise 1 ........................................................................................................................29
Have and Had .................................................................................................................29
Exercise 2 ........................................................................................................................30
Correct Tense with Time Expressions ...........................................................................30
Exercise 3 ........................................................................................................................31
Will and Would ...............................................................................................................31
Exercise 4 ........................................................................................................................32
Exercise 5 ........................................................................................................................32
TOEFL Exercise 1............................................................................................................33
TOEFL Exercise 2 ...........................................................................................................34
Nouns and Pronouns .........................................35
Singular and Plural Noun ...............................................................................................35
Exercise 1 ........................................................................................................................35
Countable and Uncountable Noun .................................................................................36
Exercise 2 ........................................................................................................................36
Irregular Plural Nouns....................................................................................................37
Exercise 3 ........................................................................................................................37
Pronouns .........................................................................................................................37
Exercise 4 ........................................................................................................................38
TOEFL Exercise 1 ...........................................................................................................38
TOEFL Exercise 2 ...........................................................................................................39
TOEFL Exercise 3 ...........................................................................................................40
Adjectives and Adverbs ......................................41
Basic Form ......................................................................................................................41
Exercise 1 ........................................................................................................................42
Adjective after Linking Verbs .........................................................................................42
Exercise 2 ........................................................................................................................43
Position of Adjective and Adverbs .................................................................................43
Exercise 3 ........................................................................................................................44
-Ly Adjectives .................................................................................................................44
Exercise 4 ........................................................................................................................44
Predicate Adjective .........................................................................................................45
Exercise 5 ........................................................................................................................45
-ed and -ing adjectives ....................................................................................................45
Exercise 6 ........................................................................................................................46
TOEFL Exercise 1 ...........................................................................................................46
TOEFL Exercise 2 ...........................................................................................................47
Articles ...............................................................48
Basic Form ......................................................................................................................48
Articles with Singular Nouns .........................................................................................48
Exercise 1 ........................................................................................................................48
“a” and “an”.....................................................................................................................49
Exercise 2 ........................................................................................................................49
Articles and Noun Agreement ........................................................................................49
Exercise 3 ........................................................................................................................50
Specific and General Ideas .............................................................................................50
Exercise 4 ........................................................................................................................51
TOEFL Exercise 1 ............................................................................................................51
TOEFL Exercise 2 ...........................................................................................................52
Sentence with One Clause .................................53
Independent Clauses ......................................................................................................53
Exercise 1 ........................................................................................................................54
Appositive .......................................................................................................................55
Exercise 2 ........................................................................................................................55
Propositional Phrases .....................................................................................................57
Exercise 3 ........................................................................................................................58
Sentence with Two Clauses ...............................59
Adjective Clause ..............................................................................................................59
Exercise 1 .........................................................................................................................61
Adverb Clause .................................................................................................................62
Exercise 2 ........................................................................................................................66
Noun Clause ....................................................................................................................67
Exercise 3 ........................................................................................................................68
Listening: Short Dialogue .................................69
Focus on the Last Line....................................................................................................69
Choose Answer with Synonym .......................................................................................70
Avoid Similar Sounds ......................................................................................................71
Exercise 1.........................................................................................................................72
Who, What, Where .........................................................................................................73
Exercise 2 ........................................................................................................................74
Listening: Long Dialogue and Long Talks ........75
Steps ................................................................................................................................75
Long Dialogue .................................................................................................................75
Long Talk.........................................................................................................................77
Reading Comprehension ...................................79
Preparation .....................................................................................................................79
Practice ...........................................................................................................................82
Course Outline
1.Manfaat Mata kuliah
Setelah menyelesaikan mata kuliah ini mahasiswa dapat menguasai tata bahasa Bahasa Inggris
melipu7 structure dan wri9en expressions dalam tes profisiensi Bahasa Inggris.
1.Deskripsi Mata kuliah
Mata kuliah ini memberikan pengetahuan komponen bahasa seper7 tata bahasa dan ekspresi
tertulis bahasa Inggris yang digunakan dalam tes profisiensi Bahasa Inggris. Selanjutnya
mahasiswa akan diberikan kesempatan praktek atau la7han terkait pengetahuan tentang
komponen bahasa yang mereka pelajari.
1.Tujuan Instruksional/Learning Outcome
Mahasiswa mendapatkan pengetahuan tentang struktur dan ekspresi tertulis Bahasa Inggris
untuk persiapan tes profisiensi.
1.Strategi Perkuliahan
Mata kuliah ini dilaksanakan dengan menggunakan prak7k kemahiran bahasa (60%) dan
penyampaian pengetahuan (40%). Untuk mengukur 7ngkat penguasaan mahasiswa terhadap
sasaran-sasaran yang diharapkan, mahasiswa mempraktekkan materi yang diberikan.
1.Materi/Bahan Bacaan
Phillips, Deborah. 2001. Longman Complete Course for the TOEFL test: Prepara7on for the
Computer and paper tests. New York: Pearson Educa7on.
Rogers, Bruce. 2011. The Complete Guide to the TOEFL test: PBT Edi7on. Boston: Heinle
Cengage Learning.
1.Kewajiban Mahasiswa
Mahasiswa diwajibkan untuk:
• Membawa salinan materi yang digunakan sebagai sumber bacaan. Apabila
melanggar, maka 7dak diperkenankan untuk memasuki ruang kelas.
• Tidak makan dan minum selama perkuliahan berlangsung. Apabila melanggar
maka akan dikeluarkan dari kelas perkuliahan.
• Mema7kan/memode getar semua alat komunikasi. Apabila melanggar, akan
dikeluarkan dari kelas.
• Memenuhi persyaratan batas minimal persentase kehadiran perkuliahan, yaitu
75% dari seluruh perkuliahan (maksimal 7dak hadir 3 kali). Ijin mahasiswa yang
berlaku adalah:
o Anggota keluarga ba7h yang meninggal (bapak, ibu, adik). Nenek/kakek
yang 7dak termasuk di dalam keluarga ba7h 7dak dianggap ijin kuliah.
o Sakit yang mengharuskan untuk opname di rumah sakit (dengan
menunjukkan surat dokter).
o Kegiatan kemahasiswaan yang dilegalisasi minimal oleh Wakil Dekan I.
Surat ijin yang diterbitkan oleh HIMA, organisasi kemahasiswaan lain
tanpa tanda tangan minimal Wadek I 7dak akan diakui.
1.Penilaian
Ujian Tengah Semester : 30%
Ujian Akhir Semester : 30%
Quiz dan Tugas : 30%
Sodskill : 10%
1.Jadwal
Mee#ng Topic
1 Introduc7on
2 Subject/verb agreement
3 Parallel Structure
4 Form of the Verb
5 Nouns and Pronouns
6 Adjec7ves and Adverbs
7 Ar7cles
Midterm
8 Sentence with one Clause
9 Sentence with mul7ple clauses
10 Review Structure
11 Listening: Short Dialogue
12 Listening: Long Dialogue and Long Talks
13 Reading Comprehension
14 Review Listening and Reading
Final Test
Meeting 2
Subject/Verb Agreement
Basic Form
Agreement after Prepositional Phrases
8
Exercise 1
Analyze the sentences below and decide whether it is correct ( C ) or incorrect ( I ).
Agreement after expressions of quantity
9
Exercise 2
Analyze the sentences below and decide whether it is correct ( C ) or incorrect ( I ).
Inverted verb agreement
10
Exercise 3
Analyze the sentences below and decide whether it is correct ( C ) or incorrect ( I ).
Agreement after certain words
Exercise 4
Analyze the sentences below and decide whether it is correct ( C ) or incorrect ( I ).
11
Exercise 5
Analyze the sentences below and decide whether it is correct ( C ) or incorrect ( I ). Mark
the subject and the verb. Revise the sentence if it is incorrect. Find out the reason why the
sentence is correct or incorrect based on the topics that have been discussed.
TOEFL Exercise
Choose the letter of the word or group of words that best completes the sentence
12
Choose the letter of the underlined word or group of words that is not correct
13
Meeting 3
Parallel Structure
Basic Form
Coordinate Conjunctions
14
Exercise 1
Analyze the sentences below and decide whether it is correct ( C ) or incorrect ( I ).
Paired Conjunctions
15
Exercise 2
Analyze the sentences below and decide whether it is correct ( C ) or incorrect ( I ).
Comparison
Exercise 3
Analyze the sentences below and decide whether it is correct ( C ) or incorrect ( I ).
16
Exercise 4
Analyze the sentences below and decide whether it is correct ( C ) or incorrect ( I ). Mark
the subject and the verb. Revise the sentence if it is incorrect. Find out the reason why the
sentence is correct or incorrect based on the topics that have been discussed.
TOEFL Exercise 1
Choose the letter of the word or group of words that best completes the sentence
17
Choose the letter of the underlined word or group of words that is not correct
TOEFL Exercise 2
18
TOEFL Exercise 3
19
20
Meeting 4
Form of the Verb
Basic Form
21
Have/has followed by Past Participle
Exercise 1
Analyze the sentences below and decide whether it is correct ( C ) or incorrect ( I ).
Be followed by Present Participle
22
Exercise 2
Analyze the sentences below and decide whether it is correct ( C ) or incorrect ( I ).
Modals followed by the Base Verb
Exercise 3
Analyze the sentences below and decide whether it is correct ( C ) or incorrect ( I ).
Comparisons
24
Exercise 4
Analyze the sentences below and decide whether it is correct ( C ) or incorrect ( I ).
Passive Verbs
Exercise 5
25
TOEFL Exercise 1
Choose the letter of the underlined word or group of words that is not correct
26
TOEFL Exercise 2
27
28
Meeting 5
Problems with the Verbs
Past and Present
29
Exercise 1
Analyze the sentences below and decide whether it is correct ( C ) or incorrect ( I ).
Have and Had
30
Exercise 2
Analyze the sentences below and decide whether it is correct ( C ) or incorrect ( I ).
Correct Tense with Time Expressions
31
Exercise 3
Analyze the sentences below and decide whether it is correct ( C ) or incorrect ( I ).
Will and Would
32
Exercise 4
Analyze the sentences below and decide whether it is correct ( C ) or incorrect ( I ).
Exercise 5
Analyze the sentences below and decide whether it is correct ( C ) or incorrect ( I ). Mark
the subject and the verb. Revise the sentence if it is incorrect. Find out the reason why the
sentence is correct or incorrect based on the topics that have been discussed.
33
TOEFL Exercise 1
Choose the letter of the underlined word or group of words that is not correct
33
TOEFL Exercise 2
34
Meeting 6
Nouns and Pronouns
Singular and Plural Noun
Exercise 1
Analyze the sentences below and decide whether it is correct ( C ) or incorrect ( I ).
35
Countable and Uncountable Noun
Exercise 2
Analyze the sentences below and decide whether it is correct ( C ) or incorrect ( I ).
36
Irregular Plural Nouns
Exercise 3
Analyze the sentences below and decide whether it is correct ( C ) or incorrect ( I ).
Pronouns
Exercise 4
Analyze the sentences below and decide whether it is correct ( C ) or incorrect ( I ).
TOEFL Exercise 1
Choose the letter of the underlined word or group of words that is not correct
38
TOEFL Exercise 2
Choose the letter of the underlined word or group of words that is not correct
TOEFL Exercise 3
Choose the letter of the underlined word or group of words that is not correct
Meeting 7
Adjectives and Adverbs
Basic Form
41
Exercise 1
Analyze the sentences below and decide whether it is correct ( C ) or incorrect ( I ).
Adjective after Linking Verbs
42
Exercise 2
Analyze the sentences below and decide whether it is correct ( C ) or incorrect ( I ).
Position of Adjective and Adverbs
43
Exercise 3
Analyze the sentences below and decide whether it is correct ( C ) or incorrect ( I ).
-Ly Adjectives
Exercise 4
Analyze the sentences below and decide whether it is correct ( C ) or incorrect ( I ).
44
Predicate Adjective
Exercise 5
Analyze the sentences below and decide whether it is correct ( C ) or incorrect ( I ).
-ed and -ing adjectives
45
Exercise 6
Analyze the sentences below and decide whether it is correct ( C ) or incorrect ( I ).
TOEFL Exercise 1
Choose the letter of the underlined word or group of words that is not correct
46
TOEFL Exercise 2
Choose the letter of the underlined word or group of words that is not correct
47
Meeting 8
Articles
Basic Form
Articles with Singular Nouns
Exercise 1
Analyze the sentences below and decide whether it is correct ( C ) or incorrect ( I ).
48
“a” and “an”
Exercise 2
Analyze the sentences below and decide whether it is correct ( C ) or incorrect ( I ).
Articles and Noun Agreement
49
Exercise 3
Analyze the sentences below and decide whether it is correct ( C ) or incorrect ( I ).
Specific and General Ideas
50
Exercise 4
Analyze the sentences below and decide whether it is correct ( C ) or incorrect ( I ).
TOEFL Exercise 1
Choose the letter of the underlined word or group of words that is not correct
TOEFL Exercise 2
Choose the letter of the underlined word or group of words that is not correct
52
Meeting 8
Sentence with One Clause
Independent Clauses
53
Exercise 1
Choose the letter of the word or group of words that best completes the sentence
54
Appositive
Exercise 2
Choose the letter of the word or group of words that best completes the sentence
55
56
Propositional Phrases
57
Exercise 3
Choose the letter of the word or group of words that best completes the sentence
58
Meeting 9
Sentence with Two Clauses
Adjective Clause
59
60
Exercise 1
Analyze the sentences below and decide whether it is correct ( C ) or incorrect ( I ).
61
Adverb Clause
62
63
64
65
Exercise 2
Analyze the sentences below and decide whether it is correct ( C ) or incorrect ( I ).
66
Noun Clause
67
Exercise 3
Analyze the sentences below and decide whether it is correct ( C ) or incorrect ( I ).
68
Meeting 11
Listening: Short Dialogue
Focus on the Last Line
69
Choose Answer with Synonym
70
Avoid Similar Sounds
71
Exercise 1
72
Who, What, Where
73
Exercise 2
74
Meeting 12
Listening: Long Dialogue and
Long Talks
Steps
1. Anticipate the topic
2. Anticipate the questions
3. Determine the topic
4. Draw conclusions about Who, What, When, Where
5. Listen for answer in order
Long Dialogue
75
Listen to the recording and answer the questions.
76
Long Talk
77
Listen to the recording and answer the questions.
78
Meeting 13-14
Reading Comprehension
Preparation
79
80
81
Practice
Page 1
94
