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1. What does Biology study?
Biology is the natural science that studies everything related to life and the organic,
including the processes, systems, functions, mechanisms or other biological
characteristics underlying living beings in various specialized fields that cover their
morphology, physiology, phylogenesis, development, evolution, distribution and
interactions at the macroscopic and microscopic levels.
Biology deals with the description of the characteristics and behaviors of individual
organisms and of species as a whole, as well as with the relationships between
living beings and the interactions between them and the environment. In this way, it
attempts to study the structure and functional dynamics common to all living
beings, in order to establish the general laws that govern organic life and its
principles.
The scale of study ranges from biophysical subcomponents to complex systems,
which make up the levels of biological organization. Modern biology is divided into
subdisciplines based on the types of organisms and the scale at which they are
studied. For example, molecular biology is the study of the fundamental
biomolecules of life, while cellular biology is concerned with the analysis of the cell,
which is the basic constituent unit of all life. At higher levels, anatomy and
physiology, for example, study the structure and internal functioning of organisms,
respectively, while ecology deals with natural habitats and their relationship to
living things.
The biological fields of botany, zoology and medicine emerged from the earliest
days of civilization, while microbiology was introduced in the 17th century with the
discovery of the microscope. However, it was not until the 19th century that biology
became unified, once similarities were discovered in all living beings and they were
studied as a whole. Some key developments in the science of biology were
genetics, the theory of evolution by natural selection, the germ theory of disease,
and the application of physics and chemistry techniques at the cellular and
molecular levels, giving rise to biophysics and biochemistry, respectively.
2. Define 5 branches of Biology.

Anatomy
It is the branch of Biology that is responsible for studying the structure of living
beings in their evolutionary states. In turn, this area is divided into human anatomy,
animal anatomy, and plant anatomy.

Marine biology

It is the area in charge of the study of marine ecosystems and everything related to
marine life. Focusing on plants, animals, and any other form of life.

Environmental Biology

This branch is responsible for studying the relationship of organisms with their
environments. Its purpose is to understand the processes of interaction between
species and the environment in which they live.

Molecular biology
Molecular biology focuses on the study of cellular molecules: what their structure
is, how they are composed, what their function is and how they relate to certain
characteristics of the living organism.

Biochemistry

It is a scientific discipline that focuses on the study of the chemical composition of

organisms and living beings. It is widely used for medical and pharmacological
experimentation.

3. Write the history of Biology on 2 sheets from its beginnings to modern

times.
History of Biology
The origin of biology dates back to the Greeks, when they introduced Natural
Sciences into philosophy. Hippocrates was the first to give a biological concept of
life and the Greek philosopher Aristotle is credited with the first classification of
animals. One of the greatest naturalists of antiquity, Aristotle, reached many
people, as his greatest interest was living nature. Aristotle was the first great
biologist of Europe, who formulated the principle that all organisms are adapted to
the environment in which they live; he stated that nature does not release energy
unnecessarily, that is, it is parsimonious.
The etymology of the word Biology is formed by the combination of the Greek
terms: “bios” which means life and “logy” which means science.
The first examples of biology date back to the study of living beings and their vital
manifestations from ancient times to our time. Although the concept of Biology as a
science was born in the 19th century, it studies all aspects or characteristics of
living beings such as their chemical composition, reproduction, growth,
metabolism, cellular organization and movement.
During the 18th and 19th centuries, biological sciences such as botany and
zoology became scientific disciplines. It was during these centuries that Lavoisier
and other physical scientists began to unite the animate and inanimate worlds by
means of physics and chemistry. Explorer-naturalists, such as Alexander von
Humboldt, expanded the fields of science by investigating the interaction between
organisms and their environment, initiating biogeography, ethology and ecology.
Later, cell theory provided a new insight into the foundations of life.
The history of biology is divided into major stages:
ANCIENT, theories and discoveries made from prehistory to the Middle Ages. At
this stage of sedentary life, man began to observe natural phenomena such as the
changing of the seasons, the tides, the rains, all of which were attributed to the
action of different gods; this way of explaining natural phenomena through religion
and mythology lasted until the 6th century BC. Period in which several Greek
philosophers called naturalists appeared, among these were Thales of Miletus,
Anaximander, Pythagoras, Xenophanes of Colophon and Parmenides of Elea.
Then the first documents on biology appeared, many of them attributed to
Hippocrates, and he is remembered for the Oath. Aristotle was considered the
Father of Zoology and Galeano, the last physician of antiquity, the father of
Anatomy.
MODERN, With the Renaissance began this era of Biology that lasted until shortly
before the second decade of the 20th century. Here, major biological changes
were defined and some devices and tools were invented that made research more
optimal. Among the most important advances made at this stage was the invention
of the microscope, with which biological structures that could not be seen with the
naked eye began to be observed.

Modern biology is based on several unifying themes, namely:

 The Cell Theory.
 Darwin and Wallace's Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection.
 Mendel's Laws.
 The Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance.
 Crick's Central Dogma on the flow of information.
This stage was also characterized by the use of an experimental working method
and the attempt to relate cellular structures to their function. New fields of Biology
emerged, such as Microbiology and Genetics.
Within this period, some famous researchers stand out in establishing the
importance of the cell as the fundamental anatomical unit of all living organisms.
These include:

 Robert Hooke: the first scientist to use the word “cell.”

 Robert Brown: Established in 1831 that all cell types have a nucleus.

 Mathias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann: In 1838, both biologists

established that the cell was the fundamental anatomical and structural unit
of all living beings. These would be two of the postulates of the Cell Theory.

 Rudolf Virchow: He proposed the third postulate of the Cell Theory by

stating in 1858 that the cell is the unit of origin.

Other important researchers of this period were Charles Darwin (theory of

evolution); Louis Pasteur (founder of microbiology and creator of the rabies
vaccine); Gregor Johann Mendel (Mendel's laws) and Carl Linnaeus (classification
of organisms, animal, plant and mineral kingdoms).

4. Write 10 scientists with their contributions to Biology.

 Charles Darwin
Charles Darwin was a British naturalist who proposed the theory of biological
evolution by natural selection. Darwin defined evolution as "descent with
modification," the idea that species change over time, giving rise to new species
and sharing a common ancestor.
The mechanism that Darwin proposed for evolution is natural selection. Because
resources are limited in nature, organisms with heritable traits that favor survival
and reproduction will tend to leave more offspring than their peers, causing the
frequency of those traits to increase over several generations.
Natural selection causes populations to adapt or become increasingly better suited
to their environment over time. Natural selection depends on the environment and
requires that there be heritable variations in a group.
 Aristotle

Aristotle is considered one of the first biologists, since he took on the task of
classifying some 500 species of fish, among other animals.
Spontaneous generation is a theory about the origin of life. Aristotle proposed the
spontaneous origin of fish and insects from dew, moisture and sweat. He explained
that they originated thanks to an interaction of forces capable of giving life to that
which did not have it with non-living matter. He called this force entelechy.
Long before the most famous polymath, Leonardo da Vinci, came into the world,
Aristotle wanted to solve the planet's greatest mysteries, big and small, real and
theoretical. He lectured on physics and metaphysics, astronomy and geology,
psychology and philosophy and, yes, biology. He made some incredible and
intuitive discoveries in all of these disciplines and others, most of which have stood
the test of time.
 Gregor Mendel
Gregor Mendel was an Austrian monk who in the 19th century established the
basic laws of genetic inheritance long before the term "gene" was coined. In the
monastery garden, Mendel carried out thousands of crosses with different varieties
of the pea plant. Mendel explained his results by describing the two laws of genetic
inheritance that introduced the idea of dominant and recessive traits.
The Austrian monk Gregor Mendel worked with his pea plants in his garden in what
is now the Czech Republic, in relative anonymity. But he published his results in
1865, showing that one could actually model the inheritance of certain
characteristics, such as wrinkled or smooth skin, by simple mathematical
principles. It took another 35 years for his work to be rediscovered, but it describes
the basic foundations for understanding the genetic basis of inheritance, that is, the
dominant and recessive traits on which we now base much of human genetics.
 Louis Pasteur

His discoveries were of enormous importance in various fields of natural sciences,

especially in chemistry and microbiology. He is responsible for the technique
known as pasteurization. Suspecting that certain microscopic objects found in
diseased worms and butterflies and their eggs were the organisms responsible for
the disease, Pasteur experimented with controlled breeding and demonstrated that
pebrine was not only contagious but also hereditary.
He was able to prove that the disease that attacked silkworms was caused by a
bacterium and he perfected methods by which the worm could be protected.
Pasteur developed the rabies vaccine.

 Galen

He demonstrated how various muscles are controlled by the spinal cord.

He identified seven pairs of cranial nerves. He demonstrated that the brain is the
organ responsible for controlling the voice. He demonstrated the functions of the
kidney and bladder.
He demonstrated that blood, not air (as Erasistratus and Herophilus thought),
circulates through the arteries. He discovered structural differences between veins
and arteries. He described the valves of the heart.
He described various infectious diseases (such as the plague of 165-170) and their
spread.

 Hippocrates

He is considered one of the most prominent figures in the history of medicine and
many authors refer to him as the "father of medicine" in recognition of his important
and lasting contributions to this science. Hippocrates taught and practiced
medicine throughout his life.
Hippocrates and his followers were the first to describe many diseases and
medical disorders. He is credited with the first description of clubbing, an important
clinical sign in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, lung cancer, and cyanotic
heart disease.

 James Watson
He received the 1962 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his discovery of
the double helix molecular structure of DNA and its significance as a molecule
transmitting biological inheritance.
He is considered the father of Molecular Biology. He investigated the structure of
DNA with Crick, confirming the essential components of this acid.
 Anton van Leeuwenhoek

Known for his improvements in microscope construction and for his pioneering
discoveries concerning protozoa, red blood cells, the capillary system, and insect
life cycles.
He even contributed a microscope capable of magnifying objects several hundred
times.
 Theophrastus

The study of Botany began with the Greeks. Theophrastus made the first
classification of plants based on their medicinal properties.
The three main divisions of Botany are:
TAXONOMY. - Classification of plants.
MORPHOLOGY. - Shape and structure of plants.
PLANT PHYSIOLOGY. - Studies how inorganic matter goes through a synthesis
process to become living matter.
 Aleksandr Oparin
Aleksandr Ivanovich Oparin was born in Uglich on March 2, 1884. He was a Soviet
biologist and biochemist who made scientific advances regarding the origin of life
on Earth. He was a member of the Soviet Academy of Sciences and died on April
12, 1980.
Alexander Oparin graduated from Moscow University in 1917. In 1924, he began to
develop a theory about the origin of life, which consisted of a constant
development of the chemical evolution of carbon molecules in the primitive soup.
His studies on the origin of life suggest, in summary, that the process that led to
the appearance of living beings is explained by the transformation of simple
proteins into organic aggregates by functional affinity.

Conclusion
For us, Biology is of utmost importance since it is a science that studies life, from
the smallest beings such as a cell, to studying the human being. Biology dealt with
all its manifestations, from a chemical reaction to life in society. This science is
interested in the origins of living matter and the evolution of organisms.
Biology took a great step forward with the theory of evolution developed by Charles
Darwin.
Some of my arguments for why I defend that Biology is very important are that
thanks to it we can understand the reasons why diseases occur and how to
prevent them, as well as knowing how to lead a healthy life, knowing the origin of
living matter and knowing what a living being is composed of.
The theories of people like Rachel Carson, Carl Linnaeus, Darwin, etc., are very
important because they have explained things of utmost importance such as, why
are we here?, how did it all begin?; in some way they give us the "tools" to
understand the existence of all living things, what happens to their organisms, how
they reproduce, etc.
The conclusion I came to is that we should all study Biology, on the contrary, if
Biology did not exist, in addition to ignorance there would be many deaths and
illnesses since the causes would be unknown.

Literature
https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biolog%C3%ADa Wikipedia contributors. (nd). Biology.
Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. https://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Biolog
%C3%ADa&oldid=143573108
The 10 branches of Biology: their objectives and characteristics. (2017, September
30). Psicologiaymente.com. https://psicologiaymente.com/cultura/ramas-de-
biologia

20 minutes. (2020, June 25). Scientists and their contribution to biology. 20

minutes. https://www.20minutos.es/noticia/4302209/0/lista-cientiiicos-aporte-
biologia/