AFRIKAANS

EERSTE
ADDISIONELE
TAAL

Taalreëls

Naam: _______________________

Afrikaans FAL taalreëls Bladsy 1 van 43

Inhoud: Bladsy:

1. Woordorde / Word order p.3

2. Tye / Tenses p. 4
3. Voegwoorde / Conjunctions p. 10
4. Indirekte rede / Indirect speech p. 13
5. Infinitief / Infinitive p. 15
6. Ontkenning / Negative p. 17
7. Lydende vorm / Passive voice p. 19
8. Betreklike vnw / Relative pronouns p. 21
9. Vraagwoorde / Question words p. 23
10. Meervoud / Plurals p. 26
11. Verkleining / Diminutive p. 30
12. Bywoorde / Adverbs p. 32
13. Byvoeglike naamwoorde / Adjectives p. 33
14. Voornaamwoorde / Pronouns p. 35
15. Deelwoorde / Participles p. 37
16. Eenwoord antwoorde / One word answers p. 39

Afrikaans FAL taalreëls Bladsy 2 van 43

 1. Woordorde / Word order
Sv1TOMPv2I
Subject
Verb 1
Time
Object
Manner
Place
Verb 2
Infinitive

 No matter what you start with the verb goes next.

 Except when you start with the object – then it is Lydende vorm (p.19)
 If you start with a verb, the sentence becomes a question.

Ask a question to determine the different parts of the sentence:

S - what / who (uses the verb)
T - when (is the action)
O - what / who (is action done to)
M - how (does action take place)
P - where (does action take place)
I - extra information about the main sentence

Afrikaans FAL taalreëls Bladsy 3 van 43

 2. Tye / Tenses

PAST TENSE
RULES:
1. The most common way of putting a sentence into the past tense, is to use
HET plus GE- ADDED TO THE VERB.
eg. Die man lees die boek.
Gister het die man die boek gelees.

2. Certain verbs do not get a ge- added in the past tense. These are verbs
starting with the prefixes: be-, ge-, her-, er-, ont- ,ver- mis-, pro-,wan-
eg. Die klas verstaan die werk.
Gister het die klas die werk verstaan.

3. Certain verbs have their own past tense forms and you do not use het
nor ge- :
Is becomes was
Sal becomes sou
Kan becomes kon

Moet becomes moes

Wil becomes wou

eg. Ek sal die werk doen.

Gister sou ek die werk doen.

Afrikaans FAL taalreëls Bladsy 4 van 43

4. What happens if you have HET in a present tense sentence? This HET
usually means that you have possession.

 You start as indicated.

 Add HET.
 Write the rest of the sentence down in order as is.
 Add GEHAD at the end of the sentence.

eg. Die kind het baie speelgoed.

Gister het die kind baie speelgoed gehad.

5. What happens if you have WORD in a sentence?

If the sentence does not have a deur, you put the sentence as usual into the
past tense.

eg. Die kind word siek.

Gister het die kind siek geword.

If, however, the sentence has a deur in, then it’s LYDENDE VORM and you
will then change word to is (for past tense).

eg. Die boek word deur die man gelees.

Gister is die boek deur die man gelees.

6. When you have TWO VERBS in a sentence and they are not combined by
EN, then neither of the two verbs get a ge- added and they move in order to
the end of the sentence. (double verb)

eg. Die man gaan die boek lees.

v1 v2
Gister het die man die boek gaan lees.

sien, hoor, voel, laat , maak , gaan, kom, begin, probeer

Afrikaans FAL taalreëls Bladsy 5 van 43

7. When you have TWO VERBS in a sentence and they are combined by EN,
then they move in order to the end of the sentence and both the verbs get a
ge- added.

eg. Die bediende was en stryk die wasgoed.

Gister het die bediende die wasgoed gewas en gestryk.

8. When you have TWO VERBS in a sentence and they are combined by EN,
then they move in order to the end of the sentence, but only sit, staan, loop
or lê gets a ge- added. SLSL

eg. Die man sit op die stoep en lees.

Gister het die man op die stoep gesit en lees.

9. What happens if you have a joining word in a sentence?

 You start as indicated.
 You must put the part before the joining word in past tense.
 Add the joining word.
 Put the second sentence into the past tense according to the group the
joining word is in.

eg. Die vrou werk in die huis omdat die bediende siek is.
Gister het die vrou in die huis gewerk OMDAT die bediende
siek was.

TIP: Highlight the verb and put up your gates.

Afrikaans FAL taalreëls Bladsy 6 van 43

10. Time Word Changes: DAWN

Dan becomes toe (group 2)

As becomes toe (group 3)
Wanneer becomes toe (group 3)
Nou becomes toe (group 3)

eg. Die man lees eers die koerant, dan gaan hy slaap.
Gister het die man eers die koerant gelees, toe het hy gaan
slaap.

Die kinders gaan nou skool toe.

Gister het die kinders toe skool toe gegaan.

As dit reën, skyn die son nie.

Gister toe dit gereën het, het die son nie geskyn nie.

Dit reën nie as die son skyn nie.

Gister het dit nie gereën toe die son geskyn het nie.

Wanneer ek siek is, bly ek in die bed.

Gister toe ek siek was,het ek in die bed gebly.

Ek bly in die bed, wanneer ek siek is.

Gister het ek in die bed gebly, toe ek siek was.

Remember when you start with TOE, you have to follow group 3’s word order.

The ONLY conjunction words that change the tense as well as joining the
sentences together is DAWN and Nadat.

Afrikaans FAL taalreëls Bladsy 7 van 43

Future tense

This indicates that an action is going to take place. Here SAL must always be
verb 1.

Steps:

 Start as indicated.
 Add sal.
 Move the verb or verbs in order to the end of the sentence.

NB: If there are any other time words in the sentence, remove them.
Exceptions:
 In the future tense IS changes to WEES and will be at the end of the
sentence.
 HET will change to Hê and will be at the end of the sentence.
eg. Die man is siek.
Môre sal die man siek wees.

Ek het baie werk.

Môre sal ek baie werk hê.

Present Tense:

Steps:
 Start as indicated.
 Add verb 1 (remove the ge- from the verb and cancel the “het”)
 Add the rest of the sentence in order as is.
eg. Die man het die boek gelees.
Vandag lees die man die boek.

Afrikaans FAL taalreëls Bladsy 8 van 43

How to identify tenses:
If you have to start with the following words, then it’s past tense:
Gister - Yesterday
Eergister - The day before yesterday
Laas(week/maand/jaar) - Last (week/month/year)
Vorige - Previous
Verlede - Past
Gelede - Ago
Vroeër - Earlier
Daardie (dag/week/maand/jaar) - That (day/week/month/year)
Destyds - In the past

If you have to start with the following words, then it’s future tense:
More - Tomorrow
Volgende - Next
In die toekoms - In the future
Aanstaande - Next
Oor ‘n rukkie - In a while

Summary:
Verlede tyd Teenwoordige tyd Toekomende tyd
Het + ge(ww) Werkwoord Sal + ww
Was Is Sal + wees
Het + gehad Het (possession) Sal + hê
TOE DAWN (dan, as,
wanneer,nou)
Verander Hulpwerkwoorde Voor hoofww

 ge, be, her, er, ont, ver mis, pro, wan - ge

 sit, loop, staan, lê (SLSL) – net 1 x ge
 2 werkwoorde met EN – 2 x ge
 2 werkwoorde sonder EN – ge
 Voegwoorde – 2 APARTE sinne

Afrikaans FAL taalreëls Bladsy 9 van 43

 3. Voegwoorde / Conjuctions

The function of a conjunction is to join two or more sentences.

In Afrikaans we divide the conjunctions into three groups.

GROUP 1 GROUP 2 GROUP 3

st
Word order stays the same Write the 1 sentence down The verbs after the joining
as is. Add joining word, verb word move, in order, to the
1 of 2nd sentence, then the end of the sentence.
rest in order as is. Exception: het, is, was,
word always go right to the
very end of the sentence.
eg. Die meisie lees die eg. Die meisie lees die eg. Die meisie lees die
boek. Die seun lees die boek. Die seun lees die boek. Sy moet môre ʼn toets
koerant. (maar) koerant. (al) daaroor skryf. (omdat)
Die meisie lees die boek, Die meisie lees die boek, al Die meisie lees die boek,
maar die seun lees die lees die seun die koerant. omdat sy môre ʼn toets
koerant. daaroor moet skryf.
maar (but) dus(therefore) dat (that)
of (or) daarom (therefore) totdat (until)
want (because) derhalwe (therefore) voordat (before)
en (and) anders (otherwise) nadat (after that – also
sowel ...as (as well as) dan (then) indicates that you must put
daarna (after that) in past tense when joining)
trouens (in fact)
intussen (meanwhile) sodat (so that)
óf ... óf (either ...or)
nogtans (nevertheless) omdat (because)
nog ... nog (neither ... nor)
gevolglik (consequently) wanneer (when)
al (although) terwyl (while)
nietemin (nevertheless) alhoewel (although)
tog (yet) sedert (since)
buitendien (besides) mits (provided that)
toe (then) waarom (why)
wat (who/which)
wie (who)
waarop (on which)
waarin (in which)
hoekom (why)
aangesien (because)
terwyl (while)
toe (when)
sodra (as soon as)
as (if)
of (if)
tensy (unless)
indien (if)
toe (when) en nadat (after):
NB: ALWAYS PAST
TENSE

Afrikaans FAL taalreëls Bladsy 10 van 43

How to start with a conjunction:

The only group 2 conjuction you can start with, is AL.

How to start with AL:
Steps:
 Start as indicated.
 Choose which sentence goes first by looking at the meaning of AL (one
sentence will be dependent on the other).
 Add verb 1 of the sentence you have chosen.
 Write the rest of that sentence in order as is.
 Add a comma.
 Add verb 1 of the other sentence and then the rest of the sentence in order as
is.
eg. Die vrou is siek. Sy kook die kos.
Al is die vrou siek, kook sy die kos.

All the other conjunctions that you can start with, are group 3.
Steps:
 Start as indicated.
 Choose which sentence goes first by looking at the meaning of the
conjunction (one sentence will be dependent on the other).
 Write this sentence in group 3’s word order.
 Add a comma.
 Add verb 1 of the other sentence.
 Add the rest of that sentence in order as is.

Remember: One conjunction REPLACES another

Afrikaans FAL taalreëls Bladsy 11 van 43

Sowel ... as
Steps:
 Start as indicated.
 Add the subject of the first sentence.
 Add as.
 Add the subject of the second sentence.
 Add the rest of the second sentence. This part replaces the same part of the
first sentence.

eg. Die seun skop die bal. Die meisie skop die bal.
Die seun sowel as die meisie skop die bal.

AS also replaces EN.

eg. Die seun en die meisie skop die bal.
Die seun sowel as die meisie skop die bal /
Sowel die seun as die meisie skop die bal.

Nóg…nóg
Steps:
 Start as indicated.
 Remove all the nie’s.
 Cancel out any repetition.
 If there is a conjunction in the given sentence, replace it with the second nóg.
 Follow group 1’s word order.
eg. Ek het nie die werk gedoen nie. Jy het nie die werk gedoen nie.
Nóg ek nóg jy het die werk gedoen.

Summary:
Groep 1 Groep 2 Groep 3
Bly dieselfde Werkwoord direk na Werkwoord aan einde
voegwoord
Al – (v1)S1,(v2)S2 Groep 3 – S1(v1),(v2)S2
Nadat & Toe – Verlede
tyd

Afrikaans FAL taalreëls Bladsy 12 van 43

 4. Indirekte rede / Indirect speech

Indirect speech is somebody else’s version of what’s being said.

You always start with the part outside the inverted commas or with the part
given. This part determines the tense of the sentence. If the part that you have to
start with is in the present tense, then you keep the tense of the part inside the
inverted commas the same, even if it is in the past tense.

Pronouns also have to change:

Ek becomes hy (if a male) / sy (if a female)
Hy becomes hom
My becomes sy (if a male) / haar (if a female)
Myne becomes syne (if a male / hare (if a female)
Jy becomes Hy (if a male) / sy (if a female)
Jou becomes sy (if a male) / haar (if a female)
Ons en julle becomes hulle

Exception: MY changes to hom or haar if no possession is indicated.

Woorde met gevoel:

eina becomes van pyn
Foeitog becomes met simpatie
Liewe Hemel becomes verbaas; geskok
Hoera becomes met blydskap
GMPH! becomes met misnoeë

Afrikaans FAL taalreëls Bladsy 13 van 43

We get 3 types of sentences: command, statement or a question.

Commands:
If a sentence is a command, then you have to use MOET.

Statements:
Steps:
 Start as indicated.
 Add dat.
 Remove all forms of punctuation.
 Change the pronouns.
 Write the part inside the inverted commas in group 3’s word order (verbs
move in order to the end of the sentence. Het, is, was and word must always
be right at the end of the sentence.)

Questions:
Steps:
 Start as indicated.
 If the first word of the part inside the inverted commas is a verb, add of.
 If the first word is a question word (hoe, hoekom, wat, wanneer, wie, etc) add
the question word now.
 Remove all forms of punctuation.
 Change the pronouns.
 Write the sentence down in group 3’s word order.

Afrikaans FAL taalreëls Bladsy 14 van 43

 5. Infinitief / Infinitive

Die lang infinitief (long infinitive):

Om------------------te + verb.
This gives us the reason why the action is taking place.
How to recognise the long infinitive:
 If you have: hou daarvan, besig, probeer, in plaas van, weier, besluit.

Steps to write in the infinitive:

 Start as indicated.
 Add OM.
 Move the verbs in order to the end of the sentence.
 Add the rest of the sentence as is up to the FIRST verb.
 Add TE before verb 1.
 Add the verb/s.
eg. Die man gaan vroeg slaap.
Die man hou daarvan om vroeg te gaan slaap.

Die man doen sy werk.

Die man is besig om sy werk te doen.

Remember:
 The long infinitive does not have past tense, therefore if there is, the het
plus the ge- falls away
 No conjuctions (om replaces the conjuction)
 No subject
 No Aux. verbs
 If you have a preposition added to the verb, it splits up and te will be in the
middle eg. op te eet instead of opeet

Afrikaans FAL taalreëls Bladsy 15 van 43

BEHOORT and HOEF is not an infinitief
It means “ought to” and replaces the existing aux verb.
It DOES NOT have OM because it does not extend the sentence.

Behoort------------------te + verb.
Hoef nie------------------te + verb nie. (Hoef ALWAYS takes the NEGATIVE form)
SAL, KAN, MAG, MOET, WIL (Aux. verbs) FALL AWAY.
Steps:
 Start as indicated.
 Because another aux verb is given to you, you move the verb 1 in order to
the end of the sentence.
 After behoort and hoef nie, you write the sentence down in order.
 Add TE before the verb.
 If there is a hoef nie, you must add a NIE AT THE END OF THE SENTENCE.
eg. Die man lees die boek.
Die man behoort die boek te lees.
Die man hoef nie die boek te lees nie.

PLEASE NOTE:
IS becomes WEES (TE WEES) at the end of the sentence.
HET becomes HÊ (TE HÊ) at the end of the sentence.

Afrikaans FAL taalreëls Bladsy 16 van 43

 6. Ontkenning / Negative

Steps:
 Start with NEE.
 Add the subject.
 Add verb1.
 Add ontkenning.
 Add the rest of the sentence.
 Add NIE at the end of the sentence.
eg. Jan lees die boek in klas.
Nee, Jan lees nie die boek in klas nie.

Remember: if you have a personal pronoun in the sentence, the negative will go
AFTER the personal pronoun:
eg. Ek sien hom in die winkel
Nee, ek sien hom nie in die winkel nie.

Words that change in negative:

If there is more than one word that can change in negative, only change the FIRST
word, unless the first word is AL, then change BOTH.
eg. Het jy êrens iets om te eet?
Nee, ek het nêrens iets om te eet nie.

Het die man al ooit gehardloop?

Nee, die man het nog nooit gehardloop nie.

Afrikaans FAL taalreëls Bladsy 17 van 43

Altyd / ooit – nooit…nie
Alles / iets / baie – niks…nie
Een / alles / enige – geen…nie
Êrens / orals / iewers – nêrens…nie
Iemand / almal – niemand…nie
Enigsins – geensins…nie
Al – nog nie…nie
Nog – nie meer…nie
Óf…óf – nóg…nóg
Sowel…as – nóg…nóg

Remember: with 2x nog, there are NO further “Nie”s in the sentence!

Afrikaans FAL taalreëls Bladsy 18 van 43

 7. Lydende vorm / Passive voice

Steps:
 Start with the object of the sentence, as indicated. (To know that it is the
lydende vorm that you have to do, just look if the words are directly from the
sentence, then it’s lydende vorm.)
 If in present tense add word.
 If in past tense add is - Het falls away.
 If in the future tense, use verb1 in the given sentence. This is either sal, kan,
mag or moet (rewrite the aux verb in the given tense, and then word at the
end of sentence).
 Add NIE,TIME or MANNER in this specific order if they are in the sentence.
 Add DEUR.
 Add the SUBJECT.
 Add PLACE if there is.
 Add the verb describing the action always in PAST TENSE. NB: TENSE
DOES NOT MATTER.

IF IN FUTURE TENSE, PLEASE CONTINUE

 If you have a KAN, MAG or MOET as a verb 2, add it now.

 Add WORD.

Teenwoordig O word T M deur S P geV2 I

Verlede O is T M deur S P geV2 I
Toekomend O sal T M deur S P geV2 word I
Hulpww O HWW T M deur S P geV2 word I
Double verb O tense T M deur S P V2 V2 I
Double verb O gaan T M deur S P V2 word I

Split verb O tense T M deur S P Prep geverb I

Written as ONE word

These columns indicate original tense of sentence:

Afrikaans FAL taalreëls Bladsy 19 van 43

  Enkel voornaamwoorde verander - hy – hom
- ek – my
- sy – haar
- jy – jou
eg. Die man sal die boek lees.
Die boek sal deur die man gelees word.

Die man moet die boek lees.

Die boek moet deur die man gelees word.

Die man kan die boek lees.

Die boek kan deur die man gelees word.

Die man mag die boek lees.

Die boek mag deur die man gelees word.

Die man sal die boek kan lees.

Die boek sal deur die man gelees kan word.

Die man sal die boek moet lees.

Die boek sal deur die man gelees moet word.

Die man sal die boek mag lees.

Die boek sal deur die man gelees mag word.

Die man begin die boek lees.

Die boek word deur die man begin lees.

Die man gaan die boek begin.

Die boek gaan deur die man begin word.

Afrikaans FAL taalreëls Bladsy 20 van 43

 8. Betreklike vnw / Relative pronouns

 Relative nouns are used to combine relative sentences.

 Relative nouns refer to people, animals or things that are standing directly
before them.
 Relative nouns are always in group 3.

Mense Diere en dinge

1. Wat Wat
Die kind leer hard. Die bank staan op die vloer.
Hy skryf more ‘n toets. Die bank is oud.
Die kind wat… Die bank wat…
2. Wie se (besitlik) Waarvan die (besitlik)
Die vrou dra handskoene. Die hond hoor baie goed.
Haar hande is warm. Sy ore is baie groot.
Die vrou wie se… Die hond waarvan die…
3. Voorsetsel + wie Wat / Dit + voorsetsel
Die man staan by die motor. Die bed is hoog.
Ek praat met hom. Ek slaap op die bed.
Die man met wie… Die bed waarop…
Die pot is op die stoof.
Ek kook daarin.
Die pot waarin…

Afrikaans FAL taalreëls Bladsy 21 van 43

Learn the following:

WAT + PREPOSITION PREPOSITION + DIT

Wat + in = waarin Dit + in = daarin
Wat + van = waarvan Van + dit = daarvan
wat + vir = waarvoor Vir + dit = daarvoor
Wat + met = waarmee Met + dit =daarmee
Wat + deur = waardeur Deur + dit = daardeur
Wat + aan = waaraan Aan + dit = daaraan
Wat + by = waarby By + dit = daarby
Wat + uit = waaruit Uit + dit = daaruit
Wat + langs = waarlangs Langs + dit = daarlangs
Wat + sonder = waarsonder Sonder + dit = daarsonder

How to join these sentences:

Steps:
 Start with the subject of the first sentence.
 Add the joining word (Betreklike vnw).
 Cancel the repetition of nouns, pronouns and any part of the joining word
that’s repeated in the second sentence.
 NB! Never cancel the verbs!!!
 Write the second sentence in group 3’s word order.
 Add a comma.
 Add the rest of the first sentence IN ORDER AS IS.

eg. Die man bly in ‘n huis. Hy vang graag vis.(wat)

Die man wat graag vis vang, bly in die huis.
OR
Die man wat in die huis bly, vang graag vis.

Afrikaans FAL taalreëls Bladsy 22 van 43

 9. Vraagwoorde / Question words

1. Reference to people:

Wie?
Wie se?
Wie s’n?
Vir/ aan/ met wie?

eg. Dit is die man se pen.

Wie se pen is hierdie?

Die man gesels met die meisie.

Met wie gesels die man?

2. Reference to animals and things:

Wat?
Watter?
Waarop?
Waarmee?
Waarvoor?

eg. Daar is lekkers in die pakkie.

Wat is in die pakkie?

Hy bêre die briewe in die laai.

Waarin bêre hy die briewe?

Afrikaans FAL taalreëls Bladsy 23 van 43

3. To indicate a place:

Waar?
Waarvan?
Waarvandaan?
Van waar af?
Waarnatoe?
Waarheen?

eg. Die man sit op die stoep.

Waarop sit die man?

NB – A preposition forms part of the question word.

4. To indicate the way in which things are happening:

Hoe?

eg. Die kos is heerlik.

Hoe proe die kos?

5. To give a reason for something:

Hoekom?
Waarom?

eg. Die seun leer om slim te word.

Waarom leer die seun?
Hoekom leer die seun?

Afrikaans FAL taalreëls Bladsy 24 van 43

6. To indicate numbers/amounts:

Hoeveel?

eg. Ons het ses katte.

Hoeveel katte het ons?

7. For specific time:

Hoe laat?

eg. Die skool sluit om twee-uur.

Hoe laat sluit die skool?

8. For non-spesific time:

Wanneer?

eg. Die skool sluit vandag.

Wanneer sluit die skool?

Afrikaans FAL taalreëls Bladsy 25 van 43

 10. Meervoud / Plural

Meervoude are formed by adding a -e,-s or ‘s to a noun.

 Words with a short vowel such as a,e,i,o,u, and that end on -s, -k, -p, -d, -t, -
r get an -e added.
You have to use the double consonant to get the correct spelling.
Bos - bosse
Kar - karre
Mat - matte

 Words with a short vowel, such as a, e, i, o, that end on -f, get a –wwe.

The -f falls away.

Stof - stowwe
Straf - strawwe

 Words with a short vowel such as a,e,i,o,u, with emphasis on the first
syllable that end on -l, -m, -n, -r,gets a -s.
Tekens - tekens
Kamer - kamers

 Words ending on -e, -i, -o,-a (emphasised), get a ’s

Foto - foto’s
Ma - ma’s

 Words ending on -og, get -oë in the plural.

Oog - oë
Boog - boë

Afrikaans FAL taalreëls Bladsy 26 van 43

  Words ending on -ag, get -e.
Dag - dae
Vlag - vlae

 Words ending on -g, get –te.

Lig - ligte
Vrug - vrugte.

 Words with more than one syllable ending on an -ing, get –s.
Koning - konings
Piering - pierings
BUT Leerling - leerlinge

 Words with emphasis on the first syllable, that end on –ing, get -e.
Ring - ringe
Kring - kringe

 Words ending on -ng, get –e.

Long - longe
Gesang - gesange

 Words with a double vowel such as aa, ee, oo, uu, oe, ui, ie, ou, ei, get -e.
Boom - bome
Raam - rame
Muur - mure
Mier - miere
Bui - buie

Afrikaans FAL taalreëls Bladsy 27 van 43

  Words ending on -f, -lf, -rf get –we:
The –f falls away.
Dief - diewe
Erf - erwe
Wolf - wolwe

 Words getting –ë:

Knie - knieë
Ploeg - ploeë
See - seë
Vlieg - vlieë

 Words getting -ers:

Kind - kinders
Lam - lammers
Kalf - kalwers

 Words getting -ens:

Hawe - hawens
Nooi - nooiens
Wa - waens
Vrou - vrouens
Bad - baddens
Lewe - lewens
Gevoel - gevoelens
Bed - beddens
Ou - ouens

Afrikaans FAL taalreëls Bladsy 28 van 43

  Words getting -te:
Graf - grafte
Nes - neste
Bees - beeste
Kis - kiste
Lys - lyste
Toeris - toeriste
Kas - kaste
Gesig - gesigte

 Letters of the alphabet and numbers get ‘s:

11 - 11’s
A - a’s

 Words ending on -heid, becomes –hede:

Besigheid - besighede
Moontlikheid - moontlikhede
AND Lid - lede

 Ding becomes goed

Eetding - eetgoed
Speelding - speelgoed

LEER die volgende:

Pad - paaie
Stad - stede
Skip - skepe
Glas - glase

Afrikaans FAL taalreëls Bladsy 29 van 43

 11. Verkleining / Diminutive

 Most of these words get –tjie:.

Vuur - vuurtjie
Paal - paaltjie
Seun - seuntjie

 Words ending on a -s, -k, -p, -g, -f (SKaaPGiF / Kung Fu Panda Goes South)
get an –ie.

1. Words with the sounds oe, ou.

Boek - boekie
Kous - kousie

2. Words with a double vowel (drop the twin vowel):

Haas - hasie
Seep - sepie

3. Words with only one vowel: the consonant doubles up.

Dop - doppie
Rif - riffie

 Words ending on –m get -pie

Soom - soompie
Boom - boompie
Arm - armpie

Afrikaans FAL taalreëls Bladsy 30 van 43

  Words ending on –ng with more than one syllable:
–g falls away and you add –kie
. Koning - koninkie
Doring - dorinkie

 Words with one syllable, add -etjie

Ding - dingetjie
Tang - tangetjie

 Words with a short vowel ending on -l, -m, n, -r. You add -etjie
Pan - pannetjie
Drom - drommetjie

 Words ending on an emphasised vowel: -e, -i, -o, -u,-a get ‘tjie
(apostrophy).
Ma - ma’tjie
Foto - foto’tjie

Afrikaans FAL taalreëls Bladsy 31 van 43

 12. Bywoorde / Adverbs

We distinguish between three kinds of adverbs: TIME, MANNER and PLACE.

1. TIME: This is WHEN the action is taking place.
eg. gister, vandag, nou, in die oggend, etc.

2. MANNER: This is HOW the action is taking place.

eg. maklik, vinnig, met plesier, graag, etc.

3. PLACE: This is WHERE the action is taking place.

eg. hier, by die skool, in die park, iewers, daar, etc.

Afrikaans FAL taalreëls Bladsy 32 van 43

 13. Byvoeglike naamwoorde / Adjectives

An adjective gives us more information about the noun. It is therefore a describing

word.
eg. Steve is ʼn hardwerkende man.

An adjective can stand before or after the noun.

Before the noun/subject:

eg. Dit is ʼn vinnige perd.

After the noun/subject:

eg. Die perd is vinnig.

Rules:
 Most short adjectives do not get -e added when they stand before the
noun/subject.
eg. Dit is vet vark.

 We add -e when it’s a long adjective.This means it consists of more than one
syllable.
eg. Gewigoptellers het ongelooflike krag.
 The ONLY colour that gets ‘e’ is goud (goue). All the other colours stay the
same, rooi rok etc.

Afrikaans FAL taalreëls Bladsy 33 van 43

  If short adjectives ends -d, -f or -g, then the spelling changes when it
stands before the noun/subject.
eg. goed - goeie
droog - droë
dood - dooie
moeg - moeë
koud - koue
vroeg - vroeë
lief - liewe
sag - sagte
dof - dowwe
laag - lae
doof - dowe
hoog - hoë

 A long adjective (more than one syllable) that ends on -er, does not get -e.
eg. Dit is ʼn lekker partytjie.
Dit is bitter tee.

 Adjectives ending on -nk, changes to -ng.

eg. lank - lang
jonk - jong

Afrikaans FAL taalreëls Bladsy 34 van 43

 14. Voornaamwoorde / Pronouns

Ek (I) my (my) myne (mine)

Jy (you) jou (your) joune (yours)
Hy (he) sy (his) syne (his)
Sy (she) haar (her) hare (hers)

Ons (we) ons (our) ons s’n (ours)

Julle (you) julle (your) julle s’n (yours)
Hulle (they) hulle (their) hulle s’n (theirs)
U (you) u (your) u s’n (yours)

 Use u when you address someone you don’t know.

 Use JOU/JULLE for exclamations:

Jou lawwe ding! Julle stoute kinders!

 One must do one’s best is:

ʼn Mens moet jou bes doen.

 Certain expressions in Afrikaans:

Dit was nou vir jou ʼn gemors.

 Use “dit” for things.

Die kar is mooi. Dit het gebreek.

 “Dit” is also included in the plural.

Spoel die lappe uit voordat jy dit gebruik.

 “Each other” means mekaar in Afrikaans:

Peter en Jan gooi mekaar met water.

 I made it myself: Ek het dit self gemaak.

 I wash myself: Ek was my. (in Afrikaans we only use myself if there can be
confusion)

 I enjoy myself: Ek geniet myself.

Afrikaans FAL taalreëls Bladsy 35 van 43

  If a pronoun is used with the following words, you always use the third
person of the same pronoun:

SKAAM, VERWONDER, VERERG, VERSLAAP, VERBEEL, VERVIES,

VERGRYP, VERDIEN, VERMOEI, STEUR, BEKOMMER, ONTFERM, NEEM
VOOR.

eg. Ek skaam my oor my swak gedrag.

Jy skaam jou.
Hy skaam hom.
Sy skaam haar.
Hulle skaam hulle.
Ons skaam ons.
NB!!
I go with them – Ek gaan saam met hulle.

Afrikaans FAL taalreëls Bladsy 36 van 43

 15. Deelwoorde / Participles

NB: When you have to give the correct form of the word between brackets, you will
be asked to give the teenwoordige of verlede deelwoord.
There are two kinds of participles:
1. TEENWOORDIGE DEELWOORDE (PRESENT PARTICIPLES)
 When the action is still busy happening, you add -de, -ende or –end at the end
of the word.

 -de is only added to the following words: doen, gaan, sien, staan.
eg. voldoen - voldoende
bestaan - bestaande
verbygaan - verbygaande.
Staan (water)- staande (water)

 You add -ende when die describing word stands before the noun.
eg. (huil) kind - huilende kind
(waai) wind - waaiende wind
(kook) water - kokende water.

 You add –end when the describing word stands after the noun.
eg. Die kind gaan (huil) skool toe - huilend
Water is (kook) - kokend
Son is (moord) - moordend
 Uitsonderings:
Wag - wagtende
Sweef - swewende

Afrikaans FAL taalreëls Bladsy 37 van 43

2. DIE VERLEDE DEELWOORD (PAST PARTICIPLE)
 When an action has been completed: We form a describing word by adding a
-ge before the word in brackets and -de, -te, -e after the word that’s in
brackets.
eg. Die (breek) venster – gebreekte venster

There are two types of past participles – SWAK verlede deelwoord en STERK
verlede deelwoord.
 Swak verlede deelwoord
- It is the literal meaning
- We look at the letters the word ends on and then add –de, -te, -e
after.
Kung Fu Panda Goes Ander letters en F, G, S -d en -t
South
-te -de -e
Vermis Gekam Gewond
Geskrik Geskil Geruit
Verkoop Was
Geslag Beloof
Gesif Bygevoeg

 Sterk verlede deelwoord

- It is the figurative meaning
- We usually change the vowel end adding –e at the end.
eg. Bederf - bedorwe (kind/kos)
Opwen - opgewonde (mens)
Gebreek - gebroke (hart)
Voorskryf - voorgeskrewe (boek/medisyne)

Afrikaans FAL taalreëls Bladsy 38 van 43

 16. Een woord antwoorde / One word answers

They can test the following constructions in this question:

REMEMBER: the instruction of what you have to do will be given in brackets, but the
following rules can also help:
1. Meervoude / Plurals:
When the following words are before the brackets, then you have to give the
plural of the word: baie, talle, vele, etlike, hulle, julle, ons and multiple
numbers eg. twee, drie.

2. Verkleining / Diminutive:
When you have the words klein or oulike before the word in brackets, you
have to give the diminutive of the word in brackets.

3. Teenoorgestelde (Antoniem) / Opposites:

When you are asked this, you have to give the opposite of the word between
brackets.

4. Trappe van vergelyking / Degrees of comparison:

The instruction will be: Gee die vergelykende/ vergrotende trap van die
woord tussen hakies. It is then the comparitive form of degrees of
comparison (add –er)
eg. Die kat is (vinnig) as die hond - vinniger

When the instruction is gee die oortreffende trap (add –ste)

eg. Die hond is die (stadig) - stadigste

5. Intensiewe vorm / Intensive form:

It is always written as ONE word.
eg. Die musiek is (baie hard) - kliphard

Afrikaans FAL taalreëls Bladsy 39 van 43

6. Skryf uit / Write out:
You will be asked to write out an abbreviation or numbers.
eg. Daar was (44) mense - vier en veertig
a.g.v. - as gevolg van

7. Afkorting / abbreviation:
You will receive the abbreviation and be asked to write it out (see point 6) or
you will receive the words and will have to give the abbreviation.
The full stop is very important. Learn when you need to put it at the end of an
abbreviation as your mark will depend on that.
For acronyms like ESKOM, SASOL it must be written in capital letters with no
full stop.
eg. Meneer - Mnr.
Vrydag - Vr.
Februarie - Feb.
Days of the week - use the first 2 letters.
Months of the year - use the first 3 letters.

8. Deelwoorde / Participles:
Hulle vra tussen hakies (gee die teenwoordige deelwoord) of (gee die verlede
deelwoord). Volg die reȅl soos beskryf (bl.37)

Afrikaans FAL taalreëls Bladsy 40 van 43

9. Voorsetsels of Voornaamwoorde:
Vertaal jou voornaamwoord om jou te help om die korrekte een te kies.
Leer jou voorsetsels as ‘n groep, bv.

In love Verlief op
To love Lief vir
Angry Kwaad vir
Talking to Praat met
Talking about Praat oor
Fighting Baklei met
Shouting Skreeu op
Jealous Jaloers op
Surprised Verbaas oor

Keep on building this list as and when you learn new preposition groups.
Also look at voornaamwoorde rule (bl. 35).

10. Skryf die tyd in woorde:

Uur (o’clock) - If the number ends on a vowel, it is hyphenated
eg. 14:00 – Twee-uur
15:00 – Drie-uur

- If the number ends on a consonant, it is one word.

eg. 13:00 – Eenuur
17:00 – Vyfuur

Half - ALWAYS one word (because half ends on a consonant)

- Use the NEXT number
eg. 12:30 – Halfeen
09:30 – Halftien

Afrikaans FAL taalreëls Bladsy 41 van 43

Quarter to - Kwart voor
eg. 07:45 – Kwart voor agt
16:45 – Kwart voor vyf
Quarter past - Kwart oor
eg. 11:15 – Kwart oor elf
16:15 – Kwart oor vier

11. Verwarrende woorde:

This is another list you have to build on when you come across another
confusing word in an exercise, test or exam.

gedurig constantly vs gedurende during

self yourself vs selfs even
opgewonde excited vs opwindende exciting
volgende next vs volgens according to
belowe promise vs glo believe
lei lead vs ly suffer
ander others vs anders different
verkeerd wrong vs vergeet forget
kleure colours vs klere clothes
duur expensive vs deur through
stuur send vs steur disturb
betyds on time vs tydelik temporary
bekend well known vs beroemd famous
berig article vs berug infamous
deesdae now a days vs destyds long ago
beurt turn vs buurt area (you stay in)
leuen lie vs leun lean against
kort-kort intermittently vs kortliks briefly
intussen in the meantime vs tussenin In between

Afrikaans FAL taalreëls Bladsy 42 van 43

12. Een woord vir:
The most common ones asked – but please add when you learn a new one:

elke oggend soggens

elke middag smiddags
elke aand saans
elke nag snags
elke week weekliks
elke maand maandeliks
elke jaar jaarliks
elke dag daagliks
gedurende die dag bedags
by die huis tuis
nie gelukkig nie ongelukkig
nie tevrede nie ontevrede
aartappels, mielies, pampoen, ens groente
appels, piesang, lemoene, ens vrugte
lakens, komberse , dekens beddegoed
penne, potlode, liniale skryfgoed
messe,vurke,lepels eetgerei / messegoed
vuil koppies, pierings, borde skottelgoed
vuil klere, lakens, alle klere wat jy wasgoed
moet was
poppe, karretjies en goed waarmee jy speelgoed
speel
seep, tandepasta, tandeborsel, ens toiletbenodighede

Afrikaans FAL taalreëls Bladsy 43 van 43