Afrikaans EAT Gr 8 - 12

Taalkunde
V Smit
Mei 2021
Sinstrukture
The Golden Rule
The most important rule in Afrikaans sentences is
the STOMPI rule:
Subject (v1) Time Object Manner Place (v2)
Infinitive
ALWAYS KEEP THIS IN MIND!
Infinitief
Rules and examples
Most important rule: always gets TE before the verb

Three options:

● Om … te
○ E.g. Ek hou daarvan om koeksisters te eet
● Behoort … te
○ E.g. Ek behoort my huiswerk te doen
● Hoef (nie) … te (nie)
○ E.g. Ek hoef nie my huiswerk te doen nie
Rules
When you get a sentence where you have to use om, just find
the verb and add te in front of the verb. NOTHING ELSE HAS
TO CHANGE.

● E.g. Ek hou van rugby speel. Ek hou daarvan om rugby

te speel.
Rules
When you get a sentence where you have to use behoort or
hoef nie, those words get put in V1 position and the main
verb goes into V2 position, with te in front of V2. Behoort
and hoef nie REPLACES the original aux verb (V1) in the
sentence.

● E.g. Ek moet my kos eet. Ek behoort my kos te eet.

● E.g. Ek moet my kos eet. Ek hoef nie my kos te eet
nie.

Notice how behoort and hoef nie takes the place of the moet
(which is V1 in this sentence)
Extra Resources
Links:
https://www.easyafrikaans.com/easyafrikaans/afrikaansinfinit
ives.html

https://qrlearn.com/afrikaans-blog/2016/10/24/the-infinitive
-die-infinitief
Practice Sentences
https://blogs.klaskameraad.co.za/afrikaans-plus-infinitief-i
nfinitive/
Negatief
Rules and Examples
Most important rule: there will always be DOUBLE NEGATIVE

● 1st nie goes after v1

● 2nd nie goes at the end of the sentence (remember: nie
is like a woman - always gets the last say!)
● E.g. Daar is nie elke dag skool nie.

When you have to answer a question: (Hou jy van skool?)

● Start with “nee”; then double negative

● E.g. Nee, ek hou nie van skool nie.
Negative instructions
Regular sentences: (Lui die klok!)

● Start with “moenie” end with “nie!”

● E.g. Moenie die klok lui nie!

Sentences with “asseblief”: (Lui asseblief die klok!)

● Start with “moet asseblief” end with “nie”

● E.g. Moet asseblief nie die klok lui nie!
Negative Conjunctions
There exists a special combination of negatief and
voegwoorde. This would typically be when we give you two
separate sentences and join them together by STARTING with
nie alleen. Here’s what you do:
1. After the nie alleen, put the V1 of the first sentence
followed by the subject.
2. Then put nie at the end the first sentence, followed by a
comma.
3. Then leave the second sentence as is.
E.g. Jy moet sport doen. Jy moet ook huiswerk doen.
Nie alleen moet jy sport doen nie, jy moet ook huiswerk
doen.
Words that change
Certain words change in the negative:

Al iemand Nog niemand … nie

Iets Niks … nie

Iemand Niemand … nie

Al êrens Nog nêrens … nie
Êrens Nêrens … nie
Al ooit Nog nooit … nie
Ooit Nooit … nie
Al een Nog geen … nie
Moet Moenie … nie
Al iets Nog niks … nie
Een Geen … nie
Nog Nie meer … nie
Al / Alreeds Nog nie … nie
Óf … Óf Nog … nog
Extra resources
https://www.easyafrikaans.com/easyafrikaans/negation.html

https://qrlearn.com/negative-form-ontkenning
Practice Sentences
https://irp-cdn.multiscreensite.com/e3dae6d1/files/uploaded/
Gr6_Afr_Ontkenning.pdf
Voegwoorde
Golden Rule
Voegwoorde are used to join separate sentences together.

Most often, they are put in the middle of two sentences, but
can also be used in the beginning of sentences.

Voegwoorde are divided into three groups, each of which has

a different rule.

NB: Avoid repeating subjects when the two sentences have the
same subject.
Group 1
Rule: Word order stays the same; comma goes before
conjunction
Words in this group
● en (only gets comma when joining two full sentences)
● , maar
● , want
● , of
● , dog
E.g. Ek wil eet, maar daar is nie brood nie.
Group 2
Rule: Verb one (V1) after conjunction swop places with
subject (S); comma before conjunction
Words in this group (most common):
● Dus
● Daarom
● Gevolglik
● Dan / toe
● Daarvoor / daarna
● Nietemin
E.g. Daar is nie brood nie, dus kan ek nie eet nie.
Group 3
Rule: V1 after conjunction moves to the end of the sentence.
Words in this group:
● Dat (omdat, nadat, totdat, sodat)
● Of
● Aangesien
● Terwyl
● Toe
● As
● Alhoewel
E.g. Ek wil eet omdat ek honger is.
Groepe
Using Sowel
You might also be asked to join two sentences with sowel.
Here’s what you do:
1. Remember that sowel has a good friend, as. They always go
together.
2. Sowel is used to compare things in lists - start by
finding the objects/actions/people/etc.
3. Put sowel before the FIRST item in your list.
4. Then put as after the first item.
5. If there are TWO items in your list, as replaces en. If
not, keep en where it is.
● E.g. Jy moet jou tas, jou baadjie en jou boeke pak.
● Jy moet sowel jou tas as jou baadjie en jou boeke pak.
Using wat/wie
Wat/wie is used as a conjunction to give more information
about one specific thing/person/event.

1. Start your sentence with the subject.

2. Then you will put wat or wie
3. After wat, V1 of sentence one moves to the end of that
sentence, followed by a comma.
4. Then give the second sentence.
5. NB: DO NOT repeat the subject here.
● E.g. Die meisie is moeg. Die meisie is stout. Die
meisie wat moeg is, is stout.
Starting with voegwoorde
You might get asked to join two sentences together by
starting with a voegwoord. This will always be a Groep 3
word - with the exception of al.

● When starting with a voegwoord: move V1 of sentence one

to the end, comma, swop V1 and subject in sentence two.
● E.g. Die meisie is moeg. Sy wil nie slaap nie.
Alhoewel die meisie moeg is, wil sy nie slaap nie.
Starting with voegwoorde (exception)
The exception to the rule in the previous slide about
starting with voegwoorde, is when you need to start with al.

● When starting with al: move V1 of sentence one to the

beginning of that sentence, then the remainder of
sentence one, comma, swop V1 and subject in sentence two.
● E.g. Die meisie is moeg. Sy wil nie slaap nie.

Al is die meisie moeg, wil sy nie slaap nie.

Lydende Vorm
Golden Rule
When changing sentences from active (bedrywend) to passive
(lydend), follow these patterns:

Present: O word (T/M) deur S (P) geV.

Past: O is (T/M) deur S (P) geV.
● If you see het, use the past formula
Future: O V1 (T/M) deur S (P) geV word.
● If you see any aux verb (sal, kan, gaan, moet) use the
formula for future tense and put that aux verb in V1
position.
Further rules: Pronouns
The following pronouns should be changed:

Ek My

Jy Jou

Hy Hom

Sy Haar
Further Rules: Verbs
Verbs that start with the following prefixes don’t get “ge-”
in the passive form:
Prefix Example

Be- Begin

Er- Erken

Her- Herlaai

Ver- Verken

Ge- Gesels

Mis- Misplaas

Ont- Ontmoet
More Resources
https://maiswann.wordpress.com/2016/08/14/lydende-en-bedrywe
nde-vorm/
Indirekte en
Direkte Rede
Rules
Keep the tense the same.

Remember that pronouns change.

V1 (auxiliary verbs - moet/kan/gaan/sal) move before V2

Direk na Indirek
Regular sentences: add DAT & move verb to the end

● E.g. John sê: “Ek lees my boek.” John sê dat hy sy

boek lees.

Questions without question words: add OF & move verb to the

end.

● E.g. Die man vra: “Eet jy kaas?” Die man vra of jy

kaas eet.
Direk na Indirek
Questions with question word
(wie/wat/waar/wanneer/waarom/hoe/hoeveel/hoekom): verb moves
to the end

● E.g. Skye vra: “Wanneer is ontbyt?” Skye vra wanneer

ontbyt is.

Commands: use BEVEEL & the infinitive

● E.g. Die onderwyser beveel: “Lê op jou arms!” Die

onderwyser beveel hulle om op hulle arms te lê.
Direk en Indirek
The following pronouns change:

Ek / jy Hy / Sy

Ons / Julle Hulle

Myne / Joune Syne (male) / Hare (female)

My / Jou Sy (male) / Haar (female)

Ons / Julle Hulle

Extra Resources
Practice Sentences
https://cnx.org/contents/d7N6bMk0@1.1:Gow8gKx1@1/Direkte-en-
indirekte-rede

https://blogs.klaskameraad.co.za/afrikaans-plus-direkte-en-i
ndirekte-rede-direct-and-indirect-speech/
Tye
Verlede Tyd
Changing from teenwoordige tyd to verlede tyd:

Start by finding the verbs.

1. If there is an auxiliary verb, change it like this:

Kan Kon

Wil Wou

Sal Sou

Moet Moes

Mag Mag
Verlede Tyd
2. Without an aux verb, use het and add ge- to the main
verb. Het becomes V1 and main verb V2.
● E.g. Ons braai elke aand. Ons het elke aand gebraai.

If het is the main verb, it becomes gehad.

● E.g. Ek het ‘n boek. Ek het ‘n boek gehad.

If is is the main verb, it becomes was.

● E.g. Ek is laat. Ek was laat.

Verlede Tyd
3. Verbs starting with the following prefixes don’t get ge-:

Prefix Example

Be- Begin

Er- Erken

Her- Herlaai

Ver- Verken

Ge- Gesels

Mis- Misplaas

Ont- Ontmoet
Verlede Tyd
4. When the sentence ends in a preposition, join it to main
verb (with ge- in the middle). Het becomes V1 and main
verb V2.
● E.g. Hy tel die tas op. Hy het die tas opgetel.

5. Infinitive part of the sentence stays the same, but you

have to change the aux verb.
● E.g. Ek wil eet om vol te word. Ek wou eet om vol te
word.
Verldede tyd
6. If there is a conjunction (voegwoord) change both parts
of the sentence.
a. If the conjunction is en and it joins two verbs (e.g. sit en
slaap/lag en eet) - make sure the actions can’t be done at the same
time. If it’s TWO SEPARATE actions (e.g. lag en slaap) both verbs get
put in past tense. If it’s ONE JOINT action (i.e. loop en gesels)
only the first verb changes.
● E.g. Dit is koud want dit reën. Dit was koud want dit
het gereën.
● E.g. Ek sit en slaap. Ek het gesit en slaap.)
● E.g. Ons eet en slaap. Ons het geëet en geslaap.
Toekomende tyd
Changing from the teenwoordige tyd to the toekomende tyd:

● Aux verbs will change.

● Main verbs stay the same.
● Aux verbs (sal/wil/mag/kan/moet) goes to V1 position.
● Is becomes wees; het becomes hê.
General Rule
Remember that you might get asked to start your sentence
with TIME (in die verlede, gister, oormore, etc.)

When this happens follow STOMPI like this:

T(v1)SOMP(v2)I
Woordstrukture
Meervoude
Meervoude
1. Nouns either get an -e or -s in the plural
2. When there is a short vowel, the consonant doubles
a. E.g. pen - penne
3. When there is a long vowel, one of the vowels falls away
and we add an -e
a. E.g. Boom - bome
4. Words that end on an -f, loses the -f and gets -w + -e
a. E.g. dief - diewe
Meervoude
5. Words that end on -i, -o, -u, hard -a get ‘s
a. E.g. bikini - bikini’s ma - ma’s
6. For words that end in -g, these are the options:
a. -g falls away and becomes -ë (oog - oë)
b. -g falls away, (^) added to vowel, -e on the end (rug - rûe)
c. If one vowel before the -g, just add -te (vrug - vrugte)
d. Words ending in -aag, loses one -ag and it becomes -ae (maag - mae)
Meervoude to memorise
Internet resources
https://www.beterafrikaans.co.za/website/index.php?pag=120

https://www.brainscape.com/flashcards/meervoude-rules-604260
7/packs/9189554
Verkleiningsvorm
Verkleining (Dimunitives)
NB: Verkleining is formed by adding one of the following to
nouns:

● -ie (huisie)
● -tjie (stoeltjie)
● -jie (hondjie)
● -kie (piesankie)
● -pie (boompie)
● -’tjie (foto’tjie)
● -etjie (ringetjie)
Verkleining
1. Nouns ending in s k p g f get -ie
a. E.g huis - huisie boek - boekie groep - groepie
2. Nouns ending in -d or -t get -jie
a. E.g. hond - hondjie kat - katjie
3. Nouns ending in -l, -n, -r get -tjie
a. E.g. lepel - lepeltjie been - beentjie
4. Nouns ending in -i, -o, -u, or a hard -a get
a. E.g. ski - ski’tjie foto - foto’tjie ma - ma’tjie
Verkleinwoorde
5. Nouns ending in -ing:
a. More than one syllable: -g falls away and becomes -kie (e.g. koning -
koninkie)
b. One syllable: add -etjie (e.g. ring - ringetjie)
6. Nouns ending in -m, -lm, -rm get -pie
a. E.g. arm - armpie boom - boompie palm - palmpie
7. Nouns with a short vowel: vowel doubles and add -ie
a. E.g. mes - messie vrug - vruggie
8. Nouns with long vowel: lose one vowel, add -ie
a. E.g. Kreef - krefie streep - strepie
Internethulpbronne