VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

“JNANA SANGAMA” , BELAGAVI-590018, KARNATAKA

Report on
Course – PE (Sports and Athletics)
NMDC 21PE83

Submitted in the partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of degree of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
In
INFORMATION SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

Submitted By

CHANDANA V 1VA21IS011

Under the Guidance of

Deepa Pattan
Dept. Sports Coordinator,
Asst. Professor
Dept. of ISE, SVIT

DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

SAI VIDYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
(Affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi | Recognized by Govt. of Karnataka | Approved by AICTE, New Delhi)

Accredited by NBA, New Delhi (CSE, ISE, ECE, CIVIL, MECH), NAAC – ‘A’ Grade

RAJANUKUNTE, BENGALURU – 560 064

2022-23
 SAI VIDYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
(Affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi | Recognized by Govt. of Karnataka | Approved by AICTE, New De lhi)
Accredited by NBA, New Delhi (CSE, ISE, ECE, CIVIL, MECH), NAAC – ‘A’ Grade

Rajanukunte, Bengaluru- 560 064

DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the Activity work entitled “Course-PE (Sports and Athletics)-
21PE83” carried out at by CHANDANA V (1VA21IS011) , a bonafide student of SAI
VIDYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, Bengaluru, under “PHYSICAL EDUCATION
SCHEDULED ACTIVITY” in partial fulfillment for the award of Bachelor of Engineering in
Information Science and Engineering of VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL
UNIVERSITY, Belagavi during the year 2022-2023. The report has been approved as it
satisfies the university requirements in respect of Scheduled Activity Course Physical
Education(21PE83) prescribed for the said Degree and the student has completed for the
semester.

………………………………. ………………………..
Prof. Deepa Pattan Prof. Sreenivas Prabhu
Department Sports Coordinator Physical Education Director
Dept. of IS&E, SVIT SVIT

………………………….. ………………………………
Dr. Vrinda Shetty Dr. M S Ganesha Prasad
Professor & Head Principal
Dept. of IS&E, SVIT SVIT
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The partial completion of the Scheduled Activity Course for Physical Education (Sports and
Athletics) – NMDC 21PE83 brings with it a sense of satisfaction, but it is never completed
without thanking the persons who are all responsible for its successful completion. First and
foremost, I wish to express my deep sincere feelings of gratitude to the Institution, Sai Vidya
Institute of Technology, for providing an opportunity to do education.

I would like to thank the Management and Prof. M R Holla, Director, Sai Vidya
Institute of Technology for providing the facilities.

I extend my deep sense of sincere gratitude to Dr. M S Ganesha Prasad, Principal, Sai
Vidya Institute of Technology, Bengaluru, for having permitted me to carry out the activity
work on “Scheduled Activity Course for Physical Education” successfully.

I express my heartfelt sincere gratitude to Dr. Vrinda Shetty, Professor and Head,
Department of Information Science and Engineering, Sai Vidya Institute of Technology,
Bengaluru, for his/her valuable suggestions and support.

I express my sincere gratitude to Prof. Sreenivas Prabhu , Physical Education Director,

Sai Vidya Institute of Technology, Bengaluru, for their constant support.

I express my thanks to Prof. Deepa Pattan, Assistant Professor, ISE, Department Sports
Coordinator, Sai Vidya Institute of Technology, Bengaluru, for his/her valuable suggestions
and support.

Finally, I would like to thank all the faculty, Technical and supporting staff members of
Department of Information Science and Engineering, Sai Vidya Institute of Technology,
Bengaluru, for their support.

I
 ABSTRACT

The objectives of Course Scheduled Activity for Physical Education (Sport & Athletics) is to
pave the way for personal development and creative engineers who are proud volunteers with a
sense of achievement and ready to take up projects having a social impact and creating digital
awareness. Besides, it helps the students to strengthen their soft skills, leadership qualities and
team spirit.

Moreover, these activities inculcate entrepreneurial mindset and societal commitment.Athletics

is a sport that requires a combination of speed, strength, and endurance. Track events include
sprints, where athletes compete in short-distance races. Starting techniques such as standing
start and crouch start, and the use of starting blocks are crucial for a good start. Proper running
techniques and acceleration are also important, as well as finishing techniques like run through,
forward lunging, and shoulder shrug.

In jumps, such as the long jump, athletes need to master the approach run, take-off, flight in the
air, and landing. Shot put involves holding the shot, placement, initial stance, glide, delivery
stance, and recovery, using the Parry O'Brien technique.They also need to master the underarm
and overhead pass, as well as spiking and blocking techniques. Game practice with application
of rules and regulations is also crucial for success. In throw ball, players need to learn
fundamental skills such as overhand and sidearm service, catching, and returning techniques.
They also need to understand the rules and regulations of the game and the duties of officials.

Overall, these sports require discipline, dedication, and hard work to achieve success. Athletes
and players need to master fundamental skills, techniques, and rules, and practice regularly to
improve their performance. The combination of physical and mental strength is essential for
achieving success in these sports.

II
 INDEX

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I
ABSTRACT II
LIST OF ACTIVITIES III
TABLE OF CONTENTS IV
LIST OF ACTIVITIES

No of
Sl.no Name of P.E hrs Date Venue
played
ATHLETICS

a.Introduction about Athletics

03hrs 24/6/23 SVIT play
ground
b.Track-
04hrs 24/7/23 SVIT play
Events
ground
c. 110 &40
03hrs 08/7/23 SVIT play
Meters
ground
d. Jumps
04hrs 08/7/23 SVIT play
ground
e.Throw
04hrs 22/7/23 SVIT play
ground
VOLLEYBALL
02.
a. Introduction about Volleyball
03hrs 22/7/23 SVIT play
ground
b. Rules and regulations of Volleyball
04hrs 12/8/23 SVIT play
ground
THROWBALL
03.
a.Introduction of the Throw ball
03hrs 12/8/23 SVIT play
ground
b. Rules and interpretations of Throw ball
04hours 09/9/23 SVIT play
ground

Dept. Sports Coordinator

CHANDANA V , 1VA21IS011
 LIST OF CONTENTS
ACTIVITY-I
CHAPTER 1 : ATHLETICS

1 .1 Introduction about Athletics

1.2 : Track-Events
1.2.1 Sprints
1.3: 110 & 400 Meters
1.3.1 Hurdles

1.4: Jumps
1.4.1 Long Jump
1.4.2 High Jump
1.5: Throws
1.5.1 Shot Put
1.5.2 Discus Throw
1.6: Conclusion

1.7 : Sample Pics of the event which you have participated

ACTIVITY-I I

CHAPTER 2 : VOLLEYBALL
2.1: Introduction about Volleyball
2.2: Fundamental skills
2.3: Rules and Regulations of Volleyball
2.4: Conclusion
2.5: Sample Pics of the Volleyball event which you have participated

ACTIVITY-I I I
CHAPTER 3 : THROWBALL
3.1: Introduction of the Throw ball
3.2: Rules and interpretations of Throw ball
3.3: Conclusion
3.4: Sample Pics of the Throw ball event which you have participated in.
CHAPTER.1

ATHLETICS

1.1 INTRODUCTION
Athletics, also known as track and field, is a sport that encompasses various
individual and team events involving running, jumping, throwing, and walking. It is a
competitive sport that tests an athlete's speed, strength, agility, and endurance.

The origins of athletics can be traced back to ancient Greece, where it was a
fundamental part of the Olympic Games. Over time, athletics has evolved into a
diverse and exciting sport, attracting athletes from all around the world. Athletics
events can be categorized into different disciplines, such as sprinting, middle-distance
running, long-distance running, hurdles, relays, jumping (including high jump, long
jump, and triple jump), throwing (including shot put, discus throw, javelin throw, and
hammer throw), and walking (race walking).

Athletics competitions are held at various levels, ranging from local and
regional meets to national and international championships. The pinnacle of athletics is
the Olympic Games, where athletes represent their countries and compete for medals
and glory. It is a sport that can be enjoyed by people of all ages and abilities, from
recreational runners to elite athletes.

1. 2 TRACK-EVENTS
A track event is an event in athletics that requires the athlete to run or walk around a
track .The most well-known track event in athletics is a running race. There are many
running races that each cover a different length of the running track.
There are three main categories of track events. Each measures a slightly different
ability for each athlete.
● Running on a track over a defined distance

● Running or sprinting with obstacles on the track

● Relay runs or sprints

1|Page
 fig:1.2 Diagrammatic picture of Sprints

1.2.1 SPRINTS
These are races over short distances and are one of the oldest track events. Sprinting
events are focused on athletes reaching and sustaining their quickest possible running
speed.

1. Starting Techniques: Standing start and Crouch start (its variations) use of
Starting Block. Starting techniques are essential for success in track events.

● Athletes can opt for either a standing start or a crouch start, depending on their
preference and the race requirements.
● The standing start involves the athlete starting from a stationary position, while
the crouch start involves the athlete starting from a crouched position with their
hands on the ground.
● The use of starting blocks provides a stable and explosive launch pad for
athletes to generate power and speed off the line.
● Proper foot placement and body positioning are crucial when using starting
blocks.
● The starting technique used can vary depending on the race distance and the
athlete's individual strengths and weaknesses.
● Consistent practice and refinement of starting techniques can lead to improved
race performance and increased chances of success.
2|Page
2. Acceleration with proper running techniques: Acceleration is an important
aspect of track events.

● Proper running techniques are crucial for efficient acceleration.

● Maintaining a tall posture, driving the knees forward, and pumping the arms
rhythmically are key elements of proper running technique.
● Athletes should focus on generating power from their legs and core to
effectively accelerate.
● The first few strides of a race are critical for acceleration, and athletes should
aim to generate maximum force during this phase.
● Athletes should aim to reach their top speed as quickly and efficiently as
possible to maintain their lead.
● Consistent practice and refinement of acceleration techniques can lead to
improved race performance and increased chances of success.

3. Finishing technique: Run Through, Forward Lunging and Shoulder Shrug.

● Finishing a race strongly is an important aspect of track events.

● Various finishing techniques can be employed to gain an advantage over
competitors.
● The "run through" technique involves maintaining a strong drive and
maintaining speed until the finish line.
● “Forward lunging” can be used to gain extra inches by extending the body
forward with each stride.
● The “shoulder shrug” technique involves forcefully lifting the shoulders, which
helps to maintain momentum and push through the finish line.
● Athletes should aim to maintain their speed and form during the final moments
of the race.
● The finishing technique used can vary depending on the race distance and the
athlete's individual strengths and weaknesses.
● Consistent practice and refinement of finishing techniques can lead to improved
race performance and increased chances of success.

3|Page
1.3 110 & 400 METERS TRACK-EVENT

1.3.1 HURDLES

Hurdling is the act of jumping over an obstacle at a high speed or in a sprint. In the
early 19th century, hurdlers ran at and jumped over each hurdle landing on both feet
and checking their forward motion.The 400 meters race is a one-lap sprint that requires
a combination of speed, endurance, and strategy.

fig: 1.3.1 Diagrammatic picture of Hurdling

1.Hurdling Technique :play a crucial role in the 110 meters race. These techniques
include

● Lead leg technique: The lead leg is the leg that clears the hurdle first. Athletes
focus on extending and driving their lead leg over the hurdle.
● Trail leg technique: The trail leg is the leg that follows the lead leg over the
hurdle. Athletes aim to keep their trail leg low and close to the hurdle for an
efficient clearance.
● Side hurdling: This technique involves hurdling the obstacles sideways instead
of facing forward. It is often used by athletes with shorter strides or when facing
strong crosswinds.
● Over the hurdles: This refers to the overall technique of approaching, clearing,
and landing after each hurdle.

4|Page
2. Crouch start use of Starting Block :

● The crouch start is a common starting technique used in both the 110 meters and
400 meters races.
● Variations of the crouch start include the staggered start, where athletes in the
outer lanes start ahead of those in the inner lanes to compensate for the curved
track.

3. Approach to First Hurdles, In Between Hurdles, Last Hurdles to Finishing :

● Starting blocks are used to provide a stable and explosive push-off during the
start.
● The approach to the first hurdle is crucial in the 110 meters race. Athletes need
to build enough speed and momentum to clear the first hurdle smoothly.
● In between hurdles, athletes focus on maintaining a consistent rhythm, stride
length, and clearance technique.
● The last hurdles leading to the finishing line require a strong push and
maintaining speed while clearing the hurdles.

These points cover the main aspects of the 110 meters and 400 meters races, including
hurdling techniques, starting techniques, and strategies for approaching and clearing the
hurdles.

1.4 JUMPS

Jumping or leaping is a form of locomotion or movement in which an organism or

nonliving mechanical system propels itself through the air along a ballistic trajectory.

5|Page
 fig:1.4 Diagrammatic picture of Jumps

1.4.1 LONG-JUMP

Long Jump is a track and field event that consists of four main phases: the approach
run, take-off, flight in the air, and landing. Here is a detailed summary of each phase

1. Approach-Run : The approach run is the run-up that leads to the take-off board.

● Athletes typically start from a designated mark and build up speed gradually.
● The length of the approach run varies depending on the athlete's preference and
skill level.
● It is important to maintain a controlled and consistent pace during the approach
run.
● Athletes need to focus on proper running technique, such as maintaining an
upright posture, driving the knees forward, and pumping the arms rhythmically.
● Consistency in the number of strides and the rhythm of the approach run is
crucial for a successful jump.

2 .Take-off : The take-off is the moment when the athlete leaves the ground to initiate
the jump.

6|Page
 ● Athletes aim to achieve maximum speed and power at the take-off point.
● The take-off foot is typically the last foot to make contact with the ground.
● Proper timing and coordination are essential to generate vertical and horizontal
momentum.
● Athletes can use different take-off techniques, such as the hang style or hitch
kick, depending on their preference and skill level.
● In the hang style, the athlete extends their legs forward while keeping their body
relatively parallel to the ground.
● In the hitch kick, the athlete performs a scissor-like action with their legs,
alternating between the leading and trailing leg.

3 . Flight in the Air : The flight phase begins immediately after take-off and lasts until
the athlete begins to descend towards the landing pit.

● During this phase, the athlete strives to maintain a balanced and streamlined
position in the air.
● Proper body positioning, such as keeping the legs straight and together, and
arms extended for balance, is important.
● Athletes need to focus on maintaining a controlled and efficient posture to
maximize distance and minimize air resistance.
● Techniques like cycling the legs or pawing the arms can be used to generate
additional lift and propulsion.

4 . Landing : The landing is the final phase of the long jump, where the athlete makes
contact with the landing pit.

● Athletes aim to land safely and maintain balance to avoid fouling.

● Proper technique and body control are crucial to avoid falling back or losing
balance upon landing.
● The athlete's feet should be the first body part to make contact with the pit,
followed by the rest of the body.
● Athletes need to absorb the impact by bending the knees and rolling through the
landing to dissipate the force and minimize the risk of injury.
● A successful landing is one where the athlete maintains control and exits the pit
without falling or stumbling.
7|Page
Mastering each phase of the long jump requires consistent practice, proper technique,
and a good understanding of the mechanics involved. By refining their approach run,
take-off, flight in the air, and landing techniques, athletes can maximize their jump
distance and achieve success in the long jump event.

1.4.2 HIGH-JUMP :

The high jump is an athletic event that requires athletes to jump over a horizontal bar
set at various heights, without knocking it down. The success in high jump largely
depends on mastering the technique of the approach run, take-off, bar clearance
(straddle), and landing.

fig:1.4.2 Diagrammatic picture of High-Jump

1. Approach Run:

● The approach run is the initial phase of the high jump, during which the athlete
builds up speed and momentum before the take-off. Here are some key points to
consider:
● The length of the approach run can vary depending on the athlete's preference
and skill level.

8|Page
 ● Athletes typically use a curved approach, which helps in generating angular
momentum and optimizing the take-off angle.
● The approach run should be smooth and rhythmic, allowing the athlete to
maintain balance and control.
● The speed of the approach run should gradually increase, reaching its maximum
at take-off.

2. Take-off:

● The take-off is a critical moment in high jump, as it determines the athlete's

trajectory over the bar. Here are some key points to consider:
● The take-off is typically performed using a single leg, although some athletes
may choose to use a double-leg take-off technique.
● The take-off leg should be driven forcefully into the ground, generating upward
momentum.
● The angle of take-off is crucial, as it affects the athlete's ability to clear the bar.

3. Bar Clearance (Straddle):

● The bar clearance phase involves the actual jump over the bar. The straddle
technique is commonly used, and here are some key points to consider:
● As the body clears the bar, the athlete should initiate a "straddle" position,
positioning their torso parallel to the bar.
● The athlete should bend at the waist, bringing their legs up and over the bar
while keeping the arms extended.
● The legs should be spread wide apart, with the lead leg clearing the bar first,
followed by the trail leg.
● Proper timing and coordination are crucial to successfully clear the bar without
knocking it down.

4. Landing:

● The landing is the final stage of the high jump, wherein the athlete safely
descends to the ground. Here are some key points to consider:
● After clearing the bar, the athlete should rotate the body to face down towards
the landing area.

9|Page
 ● The athlete should aim to land on the mat or pit with their back or shoulders,
avoiding landing on the neck or head.
● Proper body control and balance are essential to prevent injury during the
landing phase.
● The athlete should aim to maintain their balance upon landing and promptly exit
the landing area.

Mastering the technique of high jump involves understanding and practicing the
approach run, take-off, bar clearance (straddle), and landing. By focusing on each stage
and paying attention to proper form, athletes can improve their performance and
achieve higher jumps.

1.5 THROWS

Throwing sports, or throwing games, are physical, human competitions where the
outcome is measured by a player's ability to throw an object.

fig:1.5 Diagrammatic Picture of Throwing

10 | P a g e
1.5.1 SHOT-PUT

Shot put is a track and field event that involves throwing a heavy spherical object called
a shot. The technique used in shot put includes several key elements. Here is a detailed
explanation of each phase in the Parry O'Brien technique

1 Holding the Shot:

● The shot is held with the fingers, not the palm, to allow for better control and
release.
● The shot is placed against the base of the fingers and rests on the pad of the
hand.
● The fingers should be spread slightly to create a stable and secure grip on the
shot.

2. Placement:

● The shot is placed on the athlete's neck or shoulder, depending on their

preference.
● The shot is positioned in a way that allows the athlete to generate maximum
power during the throw.
● The athlete should find a comfortable and balanced position to initiate their
throw.

3. Initial Stance:

● The athlete starts in a balanced and athletic stance with feet shoulder-width
apart.
● The non-throwing side is typically positioned slightly ahead of the throwing
side.
● The knees are flexed, allowing for explosive leg drive during the throw.
● The athlete's upper body is upright and aligned with the hips and lower body.

11 | P a g e
4 . Glide:

● The glide is a technique used to generate momentum and transfer it into the
shot.
● The athlete initiates the movement by pushing off the non-throwing side.
● The throwing side foot slides laterally across the throwing circle, generating
horizontal momentum.
● The athlete should maintain a low and balanced position throughout the glide.
● The arms are kept close to the body during the glide, allowing for efficient
transfer of energy.

5. Delivery Stance:

● As the glide reaches its maximum extension, the athlete enters the delivery
stance.
● The non-throwing side foot is planted firmly, and the throwing side foot rotates
to face the direction of the throw.
● The athlete's weight shifts from the back to the front leg.
● The upper body remains upright and aligned with the hips.
● The shot remains close to the neck or shoulder during the delivery stance.

6.Recovery:

● After the throw, the athlete needs to regain balance and prepare for the next
attempt.
● The non-throwing side foot is lifted and brought back to the throwing side.
● The athlete maintains a controlled and stable posture during the recovery phase.
● The shot is released from the hand, and the athlete should avoid any sudden or
jerky movements.

Practicing the Perry O'Brien technique requires consistent training and proper body
mechanics. Athletes should focus on developing strength, leg drive, and balance to
maximize their shot put performance. By mastering each phase, athletes can improve
their throwing distance and achieve success in the shot put event.

12 | P a g e
1.5.2 DISCUS THROW

The discus throw is a track and field event that requires athletes to throw a discus as far
as possible within a designated throwing area. Success in discus throw largely depends
on mastering the technique of holding the discus, the initial stance, the primary swing,
the turn, the release, and the recovery (rotation in the circle).

fig:1.5.2 Diagrammatic Picture of Throwing

1. Holding the Discus:

The way an athlete holds the discus can significantly impact the throw. Here are some
key points to consider:

● The discus is held in the throwing hand, with the fingers gripping the rim of the
discus.
● The thumb is positioned on the top of the discus, providing stability and control.
● The hand should be relaxed, allowing for a smooth and fluid release.

2. Initial Stance:

The initial stance sets the foundation for a successful throw.

 The athlete stands at the back of the throwing circle, facing the direction of the
throw.
13 | P a g e
 ● The feet are positioned hip-width apart, with the non-throwing foot slightly
ahead.
● The body weight is evenly distributed between both feet, ensuring stability and
balance.The non-throwing arm is extended forward for counterbalance.

3. Primary Swing:

The primary swing is the initial motion of the discus throw. Here are some key points
to consider:

● The athlete initiates the throw by rotating the shoulders and hips in a
synchronized motion.
● The throwing arm swings back, while the non-throwing arm remains extended
forward.
● The discus is kept close to the body during the primary swing, maintaining
control and power.

4.Turn:

The turn is a crucial stage in the discus throw, generating momentum and power. Here
are some key points to consider:

● The athlete initiates a 180-degree turn, pivoting on the ball of the non-throwing
foot.
● The weight is transferred from the back foot to the front foot, utilizing the lower
body's strength.
● The hips and shoulders rotate explosively, generating power for the throw.
● The throwing arm remains extended and close to the body during the turn

5. Release:

The release is the point at which the discus is released into the air.

 The throwing arm extends forward, releasing the discus at the optimal moment.
● The fingers open, allowing the discus to leave the hand smoothly and
efficiently.
● The release should occur at a high point in the throw, maximizing distance and
trajectory.
14 | P a g e
6. Recovery (Rotation in the Circle):

The recovery phase involves the athlete's rotation within the throwing circle after the
release. Here are some key points to consider :

● After the release, the athlete continues rotating to maintain balance and control.
● The athlete may take a few steps or hop within the circle to control momentum
and prevent fouling.
● The non-throwing arm is used for balance and counterbalance during the
recovery phase.
● The athlete should aim to exit the throwing circle safely and efficiently.

Mastering the technique of the discus throw involves understanding and practicing the
proper grip, initial stance, primary swing, turn, release, and recovery. By focusing on
each stage and paying attention to proper form, athletes can improve their performance
and achieve longer throws.

15 | P a g e
1.7 SAMPLE PICS OF TRACK- EVENTS

16 | P a g e
17 | P a g e
CHAPTER 2

VOLLEYBALL

2.1 INTRODUCTION ABOUT VOLLEYBALL

Volleyball is a team sport in which two teams of six players are separated by a net.
Each team tries to score points by grounding a ball on the other team's court under
organized rules.It has been a part of the official program of the Summer Olympic
Games since Tokyo 1964. Beach volleyball was introduced to the programme at the
Atlanta 1996 Summer Olympics. The adapted version of volleyball at the Summer
Paralympic Games is sitting volleyball.

Volleyball requires a minimum of equipment and space and can be played indoors or
outdoors. The game is played on a smooth-surfaced court 9 meters (30 feet) wide by 18
meters (60 feet) long, divided by a center line into two equal areas, one of which is
selected by or assigned to each of the two competing teams. Players may not step
completely beyond the center line while the ball is in play. A line 3 meters (10 feet)
from and parallel to the center line of each half of the court indicates the point in front
of which a back court player may not drive the ball over the net from a position above
the top of the net. (This offensive action, called a spike, or kill, is usually performed
most effectively and with greatest power near the net by the forward line of players.) A
tightly stretched net is placed across the court exactly above the middle of the
centerline..

The libero wears a different color from the rest of the team and is not allowed to serve
or rotate to the front line. Additionally, a thorough understanding of the rules and
regulations, as well as the duties of officials, ensures fair play and an enjoyable
experience for all participants.

18 | P a g e
 fig: 2.1 Diagrammatic Picture of Volley-Ball

2.2 FUNDAMENTAL SKILLS:

1. SERVICE :

● Underarm Service: The server strikes the ball with an underarm motion,
aiming to get it over the net and into the opponent's court.
● Sidearm Service: Similar to the underarm service, but the ball is struck from
the side with an extended arm.
● Tennis Service: The server uses an overhand motion, similar to a tennis serve,
to hit the ball over the net.
● Floating Service: The server hits the ball with a minimal spin, causing it to
move unpredictably in the air.

2. PASS:

● Underarm Pass: Also known as a bump or forearm pass, the player uses their
forearms to pass the ball to a teammate.
● Overhead Pass: Also called a set, the player uses their fingertips to lift the ball
above their head and direct it to a teammate.

19 | P a g e
3. SPIKING AND BLOCKING :

● Spiking: The attacking player jumps near the net and forcefully hits the ball
downward into the opponent's court.
● Blocking: Players positioned at the net attempt to intercept the opponent's
spiked ball, aiming to prevent it from crossing into their court.

4.GAME PRACTICE WITH RULES:

● Players practice their skills in game-like scenarios, incorporating the rules and
regulations of volleyball.
● This includes understanding the rotation of positions, serving order, setting up
offensive plays, and defensive strategies.

2.3 RULES AND DUTIES OF OFFICIALS

1. RULES AND INTERPRETATION

● The game is played with two teams of six players each, with each team allowed
a maximum of three hits to return the ball.
● Points are scored when the ball touches the opponent's court or when the
opponent commits a fault.
● A fault occurs when a player violates the rules, such as stepping over the
boundary lines, touching the net, double-hitting the ball, or committing a foot
fault during service.

2.DUTIES OF OFFICIALS :

● Referees and line judges ensure fair play and enforce the rules during the game.
● The referee has the final decision on any disputed calls and ensures that the
game progresses smoothly.
● Line judges assist in determining whether the ball is in or out of bounds and
whether players have committed foot faults.

20 | P a g e
2.4 CONCLUSION :

Mastering the fundamental skills of volleyball, such as serving, passing, spiking, and
blocking, is essential for players to excel in the sport. Additionally, a thorough
understanding of the rules and regulations, as well as the duties of officials, ensures fair
play and an enjoyable experience for all participants.

2.5 SAMPLE PICS OF VOLLEY-BALL :

21 | P a g e
22 | P a g e
CHAPTER 3

THROWBALL

3.1 INTRODUCTION
Throw ball is a popular team sport played between two teams of seven players each.
The game involves throwing a ball over a net and trying to prevent the opposing team
from catching it. This report provides an overview of the fundamental skills required in
throwing the ball and the rules and regulations that govern the game.

Throwball is played between two teams with seven players on each side. The court
used is similar to a volleyball court but is slightly larger, measuring 40.03 × 60.04ft,
with the neutral box marked 1.5m from the middle. The net is 2.2m high. The ball used
is similar to that of volleyball.

The objective of the sport is to catch the ball without allowing it to bounce on the
ground and throw it back onto the opponent's side of the court.A throwball match is
played in a best of three sets format in which the team that wins two sets first wins the
match. Each set is played for 15 points.A play starts with a serve. Serves have to fall
beyond the neutral zone of the opponent's side of the court. The play continues with
back and forth catch and throwback till one team is unable to catch the ball, or is unable
to throw the ball back inbounds.

The Throwball Federation of India (TFI) was formed along with the Indian National
Throwball Championship. By 1990, Throwball in India developed separate
competitions for both men and women. Throwball is a popular sport in India where a
National Throwball Championship is conducted every year.

23 | P a g e
 fig:3.1 . Diagrammatic Picture of Volley-Ball

3.2 FUNDAMENTAL SKILLS :

1.OVERHAND SERVICE :

● The server stands behind the backline and throws the ball over the net with an
overhead motion.
● The aim is to put the ball in play and make it difficult for the opponent to return
it.

2.SIDE ARM SERVICE:

● Similar to overhand service, but the server throws the ball with a sidearm
motion.
● This service is usually used to surprise the opponent and throw them off
balance.

3.TWO HAND CATCHING:

● When the ball is thrown by the opponent, the player can catch it with both
hands.
● This is the most common way of receiving the ball.

24 | P a g e
4 .ONE HAND OVERHEAD RETURN :

● Once the ball is caught, the player can use one hand to throw it back over the
net with an overhead motion.
● This type of return requires skill and accuracy to make it difficult for the
opponent to catch.

5. SIDE ARM RETURN :

● Similar to the one hand overhead return, but the ball is thrown with a sidearm
motion.
● This type of return is usually used to surprise the opponent and make it difficult
for them to catch the ball.

3.3 RULES AND INTERPRETATION :

1. RULES:

● Each team consists of seven players, with six players on the court at a time.
● The aim is to throw the ball over the net and prevent the opposing team from
catching it.
● Points are scored when the ball touches the ground or when the opponent
commits a fault.

2. INTERPRETATION :

● A fault occurs when a player violates the rules, such as stepping over the
boundary lines, touching the net, or committing a foot fault during service.
● The ball must not touch the ground on the serving side, and the server must not
step over the backline or touch the net during service.

25 | P a g e
3. DUTIES AND OFFICIALS :

● The referee ensures fair play and enforces the rules during the game.
● The line judges assist in determining whether the ball is in or out of bounds.
● The scorer keeps track of the score and the substitutions made by each team.

3.4 CONCLUSION :

Throw ball is a fun and challenging sport that requires skill and strategy to master. The
fundamental skills required include overhand and sidearm service, two hand catching,
and one hand overhand and sidearm returns. Understanding the rules and regulations, as
well as the duties of officials, ensures fair play and provides a great experience for all
participants.

3.5 SAMPLE PICS OF THROW-BALL :

26 | P a g e
27 | P a g e