classmate
BIOMOLECULES Date
Page O
In this unt, StrucEA and unctionA s Aome 4
biemoBeCuleo wiu he dincusd. he truct and unci
o bismotecule inoide the ving being ta attdied in
biochomitty. iving oyoteoae made up of vaatous
cemplia biemolecules ouch ad ca hehdaateoaoteind.
|enzyms, ipid,vidamérn ,hermoneo,nucleie acido and
cmpounda erotexaqe and ezchange a eneagy aut
laa ATP eto.
*CARBOHY DRATES:
Carhohydrats may be dairad an eptica lly aciue
peyhydoy aldehydea er ketones ar dhe cempound
chich poduce nuoh untta on hydayolo
CLASSPICATION OF CARBOHY DRATES:
On the bacto el thin hdhavieU po'n hydnyto,
cabehusdates can he divdod into thaee main qeupAi
UOMonwsaccharides:
A coLbohydale hich annot he hdolyzadirto
ampl nit el payhydrcoy ldehyde e Ketone
Caled monosaccharidos.
Knon to o ccuin
Abeut A0 monacehaide a e
nate
EX
(W) oucoacchaide:
cAhchydiate ohich unor hydolyio y1eldn -lo
AA eloaacoharider
wnit o4 mono acc har ide. i colled
utthe claied aa dinacc hanioer,
hey ae
rinaahinidea etc darerding upon dhe no o
cassmute
Date
Poge 02
Lmanonac charidethey poWaL on hydolyio.
Fer eampleAuCKONe ia a cUsacc haida uwhich on
lqluceoe and uctone heread tainoe ça
ch on
ioaccharide mhioh on hydaolyio yieldi thaee unit
monoA0cchaldeo ie. qlueoe dructooe an
Lqalactooe.
UD PeLyoacchartde:
high rnotcula mao xbchydade cohich upon
Antgh
hydroydo yieloa larqno af rnonooacchaside unt
|ç caled as poyoaccharides.
EX
et
Stanch.colluloaecycogen, Gumo
(GHyp), tnH,0
SUGARS AND NON SUGARS:
ngeneral monoaccharidea. and oigocacchasidos axe
oweot fn
cryateline aelIda, orhle in wate and
oste e
The pelyoacchaidoen he etho hand,aLu
amorphous inaouble in watel and cateles_ae
knoun ad non-duqaA
REDUCING AND NON-REDUCNG GARBOHY DRATES:
The carhohydaiA containing free aldohyoic
aotion and
Ketenic qrep can teeduce Fehingh
Tollena Reagert are Knoun as ducing.
cabahdiatea
hether aloe or ketOe ase
Al monoacaharideo
rucin inn nature
elAssmte
Date
Page2
The carbehydiatea î0 ohtch dhe Keducing pasto ae
not f0e cannott roduCe Fehéngh nolLtiorn and Tollen'h
AU polyace haAídea ike Ircducinq canbohydale,.
atech,co00e qlycen
ane no- eeducing cabehydaau
ete.
(OMONOSACCHARIDES:
amonboacchanide contina an aldahda gLep,1t
Knoon ao an aldoe and iit centaino a kQto
qAoup,it
Cabon |Geneal
atom4 Adahyde keton
3 Triote AHdotriene kototriose
4 Adteo Ketoteoe
Pentooe Adopentoe Keto pentoe
Hee Atdoh t o e kelohQee
t
Heptoe AHdoheptDA Ktoheptone
GLUCOSE:
Comhined ermA
Hi pleaent in auueok tta ard honey Ripe grapea
centina A0Y oqucone
PREPARATION OF GLUCOSE
Errem Sucooe (caneogas)i
whenaLCrOe i boled with d i a HCL er HaSO4 in
alcohoic noetienqlieOAe and ruckoe ane ohtainco in
aimotar plopetion
the mot ahundand ortqanic cempetund onthe Facth
CHO CHO
H -OH HO -H
H H -OH
H OH HO
H OH HO -H
CH,OH
D-guceye
CYCLIC STRUCTURE DE GLUC OSG :
memhened reîng în wohich -OH at C-5 can ado to the
CHO qtaup and can ferrm acyolie hemiacotal
attruetureThiga eplainÓ theabaenee of-HO ioup
classmate
Date
Page Ob
H
H--H
2
-0H
OH
OH-C
DH
HO OH 2 H
H44 OH H
OH
HH HOH H
ld-D-(t)-Geee B-p-1)-Gucee
he tuo cyclic
hemiocatalormm o!
coniquratien he hydyquceaedIer on
caled anomeiC canben and the qoupa ot C-l
co Dponding d and
erma Oe called anomeo H
ohald he notod that
lothehence aenot endione.
o,ot.
H H OH
HO
PyPar HO H
H DH H DH
d-D-t)-{ucopyanone p- D-)-Gucepyanoe
FRUCTDSE:
Eruckooe i an imparrant KetoheLOAL.
On the barin s moteclan welqht cdekerminaìon,
elemern-tel anayio nd vaouo eactien iHa
nolecula jermla u tound to be (etHina
ç fermed by the invatuenent o -OH at C-5 and
cagbenyl qreupThe jue memhered rring of fructoR
u named as usanOÀe uotth anol0gy to ethe cenmpound
uan.
HOHC-C- OH HO --to OH
HO H
4 -OH OH
H H
H HS
idicqlycoo the formed
by Maltoae
is
Unkage
MALTO8E
tsse lueet -h d-D
OH OH
inkage
tycenidie
HO
H OH
HO H
HOrl H
n inkageqycoaidie tthe ferned
by Sucoseu
SUCROSE:
inkagsgtycoodte
dn inkageu the 'amolecule
nd wateA oa Lod
the formeo
by inkage ode antoqckhor
by jonad
noacchaÜde
wnitda dinaccharde,
to he In
corcLeAperding the qlue |ethey
Apeciie orac+d dilte hudrolyais
oith
Sn
monDcchasder.
unito two compoaed
o haides
ae diace The
HARIDES: DDISACC
Date
casSMate
actooe u tound in mitk aoit alo knoiD ao milk
ormed hy the qlycoaidic linkage hetueen
C-1 ePpralackDAe unit and e-4 e! P-D-qlucDNe
tactooe a redcing ouqa
beH,Qt
H OH
to
H
H
H H 2
OH H
p-D-aucee
B-p-aalactoae
) POLYSACC HARIDES:
Palysacc hauidea ae Leng chan paymox a
mnaccharidesA foincd toge thox hy glycoIe
gchgen
inkagea. Eorr ezample,atach, colluloae,
ete
act as
aa the jond
food atorage or Atructe
They ma inly
nter iaw.
ch (CcHnO5)n
classmte
Date
Page 09.
Starch iu the main otarage pelycacchade planta.
Hiqh cAndent eateh iu ono in ceals,ooto,tubeta
and oerme ueqetbles
Starcch is e
tuso cemponento namey Aylo0e and amlopcHo
Amylsgi Corotitteo abat
H ua wor0eube component which
Ua Attoight chain polyoacc haride centainn d-D-ttl
|1H alucee
qlucsoe unito jeino together hy C-1 a one
Unkage.
nit and C-4 a the neat by qlycoaidic
cH,ot "CH,OH CH,oH
H H
H H H
OH H OH H
OH H -0
H
H
otink
otirt
Amylopech: polysacchavide inaslube în
wate
cha in
4 ila brancheo 851. anch
certitU a h t B0-
t of d-D-qcee unita
polym
chain
H il a biancho Cl-(4 qlyDodic linkog
hy
i armd by --c-6 glucidic
in which chain
brarching oocuA
hcias
ttinK d-tirk
(b)llCELLULOSE:
>4 a atraight chain palyoacekaide compoed oj ony
Thene is Pqyconidic inkage hotuxon G1of one qlucssL
and C-4 ofthe net gluce nt
moat abundant
H oCCUSA mainyîn planto and it y the
Grcqanic olhotace n plant kingdam
HoH,
OH
OH
linko
oH
H
classMate
Date
Page
banchng tharn n amyopeclin
4il allo knouOn aó anialaanch.
bedycasLhohycloes asLe
as catorod oo qycogen and wha
dounto qluc90:
elycegern
ca bohydiate ae ersenttal for ie in botth plando ar
imalo. Cosbahydatea aeetor ed in dantoas ataC
and in aninas as qlycogen
* PROTEINS:
Preleni ane high mnolecul mao cermpleA hiepom
in cucsuy pat of the body nd erm he undameot
booio e attrchere and funcHera iye
prceteies" which meor0 l pime impetance'
the
Prcoteino aste the moot obundont hiemolecules e
Living oyatem.
peanta,iath etc
AMINO ACLDS:
ceopound containng -Nl and -co0H nctione
he acdepending upsn
ate knoton aÓ min0
poatien e! -NH rroup with rOpeot to -o
relatie
acio Ueeomiled Into d,5and
qroup,amn0
Date
Paga l
Qn amino acd.
Hydooio a prLAteina qiues enly
renie0entod au d-aminn. acld
R-CH- Co0H
ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS:
the arnino acidy htOh carnot be oåntheaizod in the
bodya e Knoon ao enentialamino acids whoh
NON-ESS ENTIA AMINO ACIDS:
The anino acids which can be agnthesized inn the body
aumno acds.
known ad non-eenal
. h
PEPTLDES:
a e jeined togethes hy amide
Ohen mino acid called pepttde
largcoL moleculeo
bendo,they fern
nd proleino.
H -Ha0
tt
N-H-C-0-H
HaN-cH,-cOH + Hr
H
-DH
HoNcH - C N-CH-C
Gycylalanne(Gty-Aa)
classMete
Datc
12
POLY PEPTIDE
dineotde containd tu0 omnD ocid, Linkod bu ono
ocid
peptide linkage,a rcipepide Containa thaeanino
inKed by two peptide nkageo and oo on:hen nurnbox
ach aminoacids moe han tenhen the piduct
ase called polpepdeo.
CLASSIEATION OF PROTEINS:
On he baio o! molecular hape,pioteino ae
caifed into too type
OPbreu Prcateir:
poypepide cha ino. riun parallel and hold
Ohen the bond,than ihle
disulphide
toge the by hud0gcn and
in uato
Such Dotr asue irouble
KOsLain,Myoain ete
U)Gebula Preateino:
peypeptde chaino coll round to qiue a
when he gohula pretetn
laphoical ahape,he formatien e
4ekes pace watel
>Such_pioteiM ae wally ooble in
EX
Inaelin, Abuminó etc.
SAUclu
PrimarySecondauf,Tercttyand &uate1nay
classate
Date
Page
PRIMARY STRUCTURE:
Preteino may hae ene QI morce paypepHde
tchairo.
Each poypepide ina po tein hod amino acd Unkd
with eOch ina dpeci{lc eqLence and H uhu
amino acid that y cad to he the panay
treucure than proteio.
SeCONDARY STRäCTURE:
The seconday attuctr a paoten rafexo to the
ahap in ohieh a Lon pelypeptide chan can
Theya e dound oto e i t in ctwoditfeaent tyei o
atttckne nomely d-hein and p-plcatod heet
trructee
cassate
Date
Poge |5
(3)TERT IARY STRUCTURE :
The teray
otLICwo prcoBein0
Hotding e< the polypeblidechoino ie
t
uthesolding
qieO riO to tuO maorr
Libroun and gLehular. moeca Ahoper nonoly
(4) QUATERANARY STRUCTURES :
Seme o th prroleino a e compoed tuo Qrt roOe
prype ptde chaim oleHed to as dLb unit. The
patialaangement a theae ouhunito wicth eApect
Ho each othe i Knon ad
quatenay tteUCte
DENATURATION OF PROTEINS
The LSA in hiological activity s a prelein due to
neldinq el glebules and inooiling eyholin i called
denauaion of paotein,
Durinq donatwatiennecondauy and tertiay atreucte
lae dttroyed beit ipimay tructuCA HOmainaintact
he coagqulationo 9g uhite on bling
eRample o denathaion.
*ENZYMES:
Coloidal aQlutien ef prretein which worrKo ao
bieloglcal catayat KnoOn do enZymeAU enymed
ate gobula prOteno.
Maltase, octae,Emuloin,Drecaoe
Kymaoc, nuorlaoe,
pepain,Trtymn,d-Amylone elc
enzyme
decseae ar ncroane in temperte and tep at
a 3 K.
*VTAMINSi
vitemino are or anie cempnd which a e eoner),
for nermalqrewth of ife or animals,aeme
bacteia and micr0- Qrganim,
vitamina ane not oyrhesized by animau (encep
vitamin D).
Vttamino ase Quppèd to'thi errgriomhaai h
ood.They aue eAenial dieteny factorsriey :
Vitamind are clami<led n tuo coteq
(al woten oouble Viamnai
vitemin-B-Ompen and vtemïn c
bl Fat ooublevitaminaA (calcifee) Vitamln E
itamn A(ReHno),/itaminD
(Tocepheal,ida.min kK(phylluquinone)
*NUCLEIC ACID :
thenucleus e thece l ,rrcapenht
The partttoleo in chnoseme whicth ane
callo
orr he readity a e anathas tpeof hiemoleuie!
Imade up of prco teina and
Lcalleo ncleie acidy
bionelume) made of nucleofk
h e aNe nateera
unito ie. poynucleotiles.
cahon,02gc
Nucleic acd contaio -Hhe ele ment
nittagen and phoaphoru
ial
’Hermone0*HORMONESi
help TheeaNe
bodyHrranoprt
he and
meengero
to aHe
maintin peUed
pDduced
haue
hem
ddinecty
seoal
the to
hyendocrcinlandthe
balance
rite
in
uncliero othe
heocHen alod
bielogical
înthe
otreaon
in
bedy he
ociviRR)in
orich be
The
