Biono (uttS
bo hy okala (anbohnybrales nn te d rlra »elut r y
)lonosare hnuidia* tutate,tose,boe. e},
oning
Canbon Epime Tht orgmnd
arom Alcde hyd katona
fn le
tonfi qunalno
5 Aldo--oe
1 hdo' orp d
kelo tetyose enpendiuds (anhen
Aldo teh 0se ho a.
beut fhat Canb
S Aldopen tose kalopentol C
6 Aldo heyose. uto hero
+ Al do hpos hufn heph
CCrimeas
A Alose A- A1o.C
CHO
OH
H OH
H oH
oH bH
-Alloae t Alt ros
o
Capimess
M- Han ose
C- nlutove
l u tuse
-tla no
Eptmus
Cu aulose Co dose
CHO CHO
H
H- o
H
4D-
H
MOH
y-nulese -9o clo
C pimiu
nPHL nalutose TTalese
eHO
HO
Ho M
H
Ho n
H oH
-On
ChoH
- Cnalachose
y-aldore
Cnelir tawre e aluuose
Tis StultL s al>o knoon as
guto phanoatStull
1- o
-H
HO. o4 -o4
MO. B- Cb)-tnlute te - ) nlulose
(RPom
(-orm)
O
tRueTDE
yelue Stuchue
nO -C-oH HO-C-LH0
OH
-H
-0H H
O
H
D-nhost CHoH
H
( D-truose)
(X- D-udese)
2 0 4
'coH
H
-Datert) B- D-tutbie )
Diasachaidt
d a-D-nlulet Cy - CD) - Galu Lose
ChoM
n'd
-1,4-y tonidle
Surobe
4-D-tnluose + La4 8(D) rtese fuetose.
Laeose-GotP-D-nlut ose + C4 o} - p- nlutoe
ho
-0 o
B D-Cnalattoi -D-Clut ose
PoLyS 4cLHARP DES
O Amyoe
G-Cy o d- to) hlutose -
Amylo pacin (Amylose)
- D-tnluLosee
nd y Cuubon o-b-alutove jointogelhun along oith Some brqnthis
-O
o
ylo patin) H
KK
luoset- 94 made trom i and Ly Canbon B-D)
(D)-lutose
o
AmminaAids
Natwal Arrino hid
H
a Ammi no
ome o ChadtiHs
qu ds bide Uain y bo)
feauwws
1) lycine H G
2 lanin A
3) Valine CHC), CX al
4)uint CH H-LM
-CH-(U-C
5) 9touu
6) Ar n n N2-HH -M) A
HN-Hu
Gnlu ta mle ati' HOOC Cn-CH2 Gl E
Aspashe atd HH, HOo- Asp
Glutamine HN--ML Gln
Aspaaan Asn
Thconin H-UH DH Thr
Senn
AS CM2
Phe
3Phenyalaninu
Methoinn
Typo int
)Tpphan
M) Histidike
9o) Prolnt LOD
H -H
X
Enbre Stuthul
lasi taion e
Amino atid
Arnino atds clayi thed a acidiu, buhc or rutoal dapendina upon
th relahve in hir
no. e ammino and arboxyl qloup moleu
SSen ial ammino aid/Non -essen Hal amm inoaei
uOite Lon- Sn agueous 8oluHon . th abo y qoup can ose a
Polon and and ammino atid 9a oup Can Qte ept
se to
a
pro ron ning
a dipolah lon known as
zwi tH Ton.
R-H-E-o-H R-H-
NH *AH
zw?ttion)
Stuutwu oh podons t-The
Comecd to eath othe
polymus o-amîno aid & and they an
by p<pHde bond o7
pepid unka ge,
4 CH oH+ HN- doH
H 0
3
H-ao-H s-o0
when Casbox oup o 9tinu Combins ofth t amino stid
qouP alani'nt we
get dipeph A ulajanf n
a
Thivd amine aticl tombius to a dipeptide H modutt u (alltd a tipepíd.
o . «Such amino acicl S moc than t t n , *hen *nt poutt ou tallod
Po'ype pi das.
polypephde sith mose than hundst d amino atid aesidluts ,having
noleudat
A
mol tkda madughe Hhan lo,apeu dCallid Apnitia.
Snto two tHee on tha baL ol u r moludss hap e.
oteind can be elastied
a ffbx ous Prot@ns Thi polypepHda Chai ns un pasalst and au uld togel,
by hydeegen and diLulphida bohds.
Kekat inl prxent in halr, oool,3) andmyosinlpreientîn mud)
b) lobul a proHfnd This etruttue uulk cohan A chains
ehk polpeptid
Coil coud to give a sphui tal Shape. 3t is 8olublu in Lott
Tnsuin and albumins a a the Common ex.
doua protins
Pimay Struetmu ohProtin- Protins Ay have one o moxe p olH pephdL
fn
thL Sequste ch amno aeds (Laks a diteent Po itin.
t Seuondov 8tnutwe oh rotdnt- The Seconday3touckn o
Prokin v e s to h shope în oki ch a dong polypep Hde Chain Can
Exist.
two di Heuen t StrutunA ahL a-kallx and
p-hellx
o n e o th polypephde chain dur to hycUho gen bonding betoean
andNHgoup
- u l x is one oh the mast Comm on oayd in uokich a
polypeptida
Chaîn rom al
3n B-sStruttwL all peptide choins ae 3tretchad out tonaaxly mnaria,
e s ttn o n and hen Jaid fdt &fdL oht ch
by ae huld toge Hhe
by 9nttmolecula ydognbonda.
y FecHa StruetuL oProtfn-Thi tehww shuthwe protins
oh
e presen represent oval feltoteng
Chains. ,e Puxhe toldîng foldîng ch the polpephc
eh e Selond au 9trutt
) auattnay Strutue o rokin- 8ome o t ottf ns oae
Compexed wb os more
poly pep tidu chain sehueked to as Sub-
toh Sttt
Qy ctth han
Setond Strucue
Stueha Stru twn
Denatakion a Pantina
Paot ns found in a
biologftal sytem- om a unf qua theu-dimensf onal Studtue
anc ologi cal auHviy aled a native P°o Rin.
JMKe change în mperatut es chmital change Jfka change in h t h
hudrcgen bonds aL distwubes
t i n lasa its
un fold and hufx get untoiledl ancl r o
obules
6ologital acivity- This îs Collual dunakutaion oh Pohin
tSin kL
dunatmaHon 9 and 3 stautts au clutoedl but
Sufng
semais ntact.
CoaudaHon e egg wlit on looiuA, Curdîng oh miik Caust
h baeio ps aen t în
L o he tormaion o acHe aüd bH
mlK
mes
+hL hep o Cetain biocatalyas Calud tngyms. e nB}mes a
globulau prottind.
enzmes a VSpeihe tos a paxhulak r tachion for a pcHiula
ubstra. the enzhme Aht catulyde S hgdholais mal tose into
guLose tå named a s maltost
CnH Hal tet 2 ¢
Malte Glute
EnzmA as wle Ctalyse oxidaion o on Substrat.
OxTDERE DUCTAS ensgme
mecharíism o EnzHme AtHob
En me U af
to se dute he mag
tudi ch ati vauHon engy
Ea- Aivakon tnegy eps aud
hgdolyHs o Soute is 6.22 KI mo1, ohfle
h ativeH on enaxgy onl 2. kTmal whan
hydhe lyses by the
ensme
Yitamins
Lertain osg aic ompoun d rL Aiveol in Smoll
u
aAmountS tn o diet
hur dihi ienty Cquses g ptei he diseases. Hesa lompound QL Calludl
itamin. s Con ider as essenhal food Pactor
Organfu Con pounds uqu red î'n t u diec in &mall Camoun ts Ad
pet pom
Spei ht
biological uncHons fos no mal maintahanLe
ond o the hralth c t e optitm iocath.
osgoiim.
Clai 4caHon o VRamin
a &olublu Vftamfn'- Vitamtna which are
Aoluble in fect cnd oils
but m Soluble in o a t e ate
kept inthis
Oae kolublee Jitamin- Bao ups beatt oup.and
Vitamîns lamf nuc a e
Soluble in wc
a kept în oup. aRA Solublu vitamins must be
SuppFed xulalu in dàetbe Causthay a u
and Can not Storeel n o u
tadily excrekl in ufL
bedy.
Name o
Ntamîns Sounted Delident dlsea ses
Vitamin A Fish Jve ofl,
buttt and mlk
aoHXenophthal mia hardeni ng ol Lonea oh
ye), ight blindnea
Vitaminm B feast,m ik utin Be,beaf Closs e appeHR,
CThi amfne) ealably and cRheau Yelaudal gosth
Vtam?n B milk ,eeggwhtte,uver Chelosfs CHuing at lovrus o
miiK,
Re bo 4lavf'n) kidntuy mouth ond gs), df gestfve disondans
ane buundng 3ensai on oh he
3n
Vtanîn Bb Ycast, m e2ayol | (onyulhons
CPidoxîne )Ceuals and auamd
Vtamin Bn Heat,Hsh,caa Jotk| Penitious anaenua
Gtads and wel
|in Avemoglobî n) RBCclalitient
Vlamin C Cihw fu , anla HRt)
Scve (bltedinq Ams
AsCev ble entd)_ c gun uay vegekabl
Exposwu.to Sumigkt Rfckels(bone dt hes milie
tn Chldn) and
sh Cncd a8 olk os lto
mala tla6o t Gonas Cmd
Jint pain f'n adulls)
VFomn neeaedaagffiq o
wh qm ofl, 3umlcxwet RBCS and mubtlul au
ofetc.
weaknas,
Vitomin Ot6e en leahveqeeublas Sneneased bleod Cleating
me
nucdeic Aud
nuleus oa a Gving ell a responsfble foe this Av ansntaion ohin kbent
Chakacheus, also caillsd heedily
uu, xepongi ble tor huudi, Callud
aut
choomosom e ohich cui made uP ob
Protins and
anothut type oh biomoleculds Calle d necl eic aud
deoxysi bo nuclelu ac d CbDNA) RbonudelL aud tRN)
A mole tuls atus the shape ot bdoub Rllx
S t r u t a that vesembles
a
a e n t y tolsteod
,an
lab laddeA.
elagant
hemilal lompogiHom uclei c Atids
lomplet hy duoly i s oDNAl RNA) yilds a pentase u g , phoplos
acid and nitroqent lontcini ng u
aud O Compoun d
pH
HoC
-CH
oh
pD boae -D-2- dLoxu bose Ada nanelA)
)
Cytosinelt) Thymint tr) ac (U)
Strutuse t Nueic Ai ds
n e s u g a caubon n t nnbeud M 1, 2 , 2 etc.
-H
-
/
.
tida b) m u d e o H d e
ay nuctps
N mble uules anl o thr e 4ypes and they p etorm dittexent funttiom
n L
named ad ne an gu RNA (m-RRMA) Tibosomal RNALeeE
and transtuu RlA Lt -R NA )
DNA Gingeupri nt
A sequLn te b a A on DNA S albo unf qu foY a Po &on on o intormation
eqa ding this Calhe DNA ingu pi nting.
togoo
Bfological unctions orludulc Aues
DNA S t e chamital baais o kuu dítu a d ma be e q ddac a3 he
esnv neHo tnkormakion.
A DNA moleu Capabl o set dupitaHon lwin3 tel divigiom
and ? donh Ca TDNA Sands a ranatuod to dauhlen uu
