Bimolecale (b

•VonoCÇanides ex Avalinose. Ribose, bileose , Buctose, Mannoge

() Diaepude sucnose, lactoye , malloe

()Trâocchatde - Rolinate,
e) Tebraachaaide -otachyose, hychnote

•Bachatle i- ctauch,clulore
lactae)
tao dieacchoidas(maltose,
Keduicing ogauy:- AU rmorogachanda,
one dis acchane(ouc
Won

notatn
MulaoahnWutouctalbon& dfined Th eesd tn
actve compound
the bteonneion
oecws due to

dolutom overtfme. .Fo enomple, ahun

,
a

ahomerc formg o thu compond

aoddl i, bolen th
omenic patfcaulax

a- Dglucese 'e-Ducode + 52-7°

eitur val
on cqsikräam
tf
th otuttom dtedi chos to
6olab oteadty
ofotion D
and 64.

uitlium B-p-lt)-gucae
mie [a]p = t 19.
«l,=t52-7°

. whad aue mnosacchades?

t.hat oe ard aniale . Wame tu

Q3. Coabohy drate ae fe in kotf plant

a relcule h plande avol ahds,

eadodalo 4het oue uel
aleo nme the wl #nt in eood h hk fane
fbn eleA.

ue an fundlow ahta planb

ne
D5. what

kOhet one h yoyri pradct

ahun Dglea
. o
(o) HI
harp (e) HNOg
Ox nemeralt ht caclhonu p-gcale uhuth connol b (uptined
dd he ckair cbuedtae

H0 (enOHDa

CulgH

(aonbitee)

Cine. H2 SOy to

chaneoal

COnc .HSO4
GC (s)
+G H20

gucoe) cheol)

althu G aome in
.How do elanbon

chain ?
bn dtadlgtt

Ohat i innt
Qro.
Presnt ins

On. Hou w

HNoz test).
(Brg wten test, cone

# VITAMINS
dasved fom th or vttal'ord cnine
kecase eoen
Yhe nome uitanid contín ano Jeinttrs
oas found that mot of thide eompounde one
t to vltanin becase enpound
none vtmire
OG)
chargd aeh ae
d ret prdoun andino ou
achve ,och mgourd
Wloni ae the anie
have via fanchb
Compourd

the vitaniny
but
t mt
baanad diet. Cncs and
well

equote aour in to Ctatn d&e u.

lac wlamine ault

Vitavne

ub vitaing
oue daaacd
ane
the lelt AB,c,D, H ele
.,B2 ,B B2eke. ,
 alo olube wilaminy Vannt B and C ave ate cobe. ota
En
foken

foo d becane thuy hCeclily eneneled to wnine ond catoof 6 ctoned

2> fat so luble vitanine ;- Wilavin A,D, E, K ane

. and one stored en liven

dusolve n oilk and fate
adipose
ard,tsd,Runcs wudd uahoeur nyalinedl
aHloewor, ado Yuse
HnN ane tovle and caue drcde khoun

Classticadfon based on chemita slhuche o uttamig

tanins havtyy ong aliphatic chain -s tmin O

chain aomahe comjourd an K

() avnnd uR tare stuckwe Witawn A

anivtne wtoin Br ,a,eg,

Bie fokt acid, B-aioffne)

itamis Sou
wik, fichliven oil,
ot
wigte Blidret ,Xonephitabt (hadenint
(Ratinol) tomatos, caots,
potatos

Ricc, whet, meat, Be Bewevoue dlden nuk

lot ie ond etvdel
(Thiamine)
een getstbe.
B
milk
e livei, ,wheat, convs of noth, eheloti
and
(netaudatim )
B5 lien, maize, |Wental covudn, detcon spiral
ohl, ce. cod,
Niotiramide).

Bo
(A mictwe
wheat,
linen,
fh,maie,
ilk,cueale,
Conulsiond
skin diseastb.
nu
, diodcos and

fynidonine,
at.
yidonal and
 B2 Ticguiev
Per in Reemodob)
yononlalomae
(contufo cokol!)

avd

rabbage!
fenatos. oniont .
Rice, lin o caltle, seedoly,
1halloauiron eoyabon oil. pum oil, wbeot RBCo.

gehm ot colfon secd ot.

K
Tocopleuole qpinbch, cautoe. feh, nmat
lDwttoe n cap eottanca

D elh, Buttuy,cod liot oe. Rickete in chldsen and

(alelfoo) steomalaeia tn odulle.

.Name 4 vitniy that e stned

stoed h laagute
n linamd adije Hoauus
A,D,E, K
?
/VIMh)l
ud
Gody and why?
ou Gnd
3.0ut oe,c ard e2 dn wandh eaneof Le
thenefoe candt Ge
etordl in
stst
Que Wste solusle vitamira,
entencda in wne
in ocn Boy>ef

Q3. Norme a vitomin shtdh hales in Blood odotg

and at-oxidant. what aue th soe

whth dat seluble
a. Wane á vitamn ts
diseases
the vitontn
af
and

itaminE.
poue. 4t 3ouxC CMe
J-hdaatM-tut
ndr to b) e-adletie

oh,'al g.
Name the
the ondyvitarnin ohich cor
&e sgnthtd in on
Q5.Wame thi wtunn.
due to h daftiteno he

dcane eubl
->

6 aue
anacmia,
Vitain

what
D; Rckts

vitarnine
eonseon
Lfiwn oth vtbwin eaud: 0 fenlou
.
dr.Nare al Anl.A vtin ,Hht 400M(M Ond th. uotl aud
due to hein

NULEC ACIDS

. hat one nucdei

deouyoe
photoe beid neohue
.acidt

h
2
opad
AMdmH to
udeotode
mp»xtont

eooinira
funtons
plhoe

Begeen a nucdeoetde ond nuchotte 9

Alucleosid contain

adenasine, whenas
itae o
nuceotdky
kuga.and hotraydie
kot aceudue
bou,

boro Base Feto

and pertoe dg, dnate bplopcte lto

Q3. Joo strand af DNA

DNA ae not idental, but ae complemertoy Buylain.

DNA two stand k ootled oeurd Veoc bn

-
n the
contain

fomA cholble helik.

yruckefdle.
euckeofd waki
64 pheplcte dytc &owds. Y- r each
th
sfond
backde
DNA e covectc!

each DNA cond fn w-elh f Gase ecrd .Yhe &adu one stGnd

ONA e paived wtth Bases on the othu stuand

as th
sy meon
stuctues
hytgen
6oe
dondig
pomtony thtoemode
Govde and quanihe
Adenine pely cth ondy thynie
ONA

Mue d0Mt0e eom&ena to Yac ollut t iete

base in one glYand outonttcady detrnines th othe. hae

saands ane not iode ntteal.

RNA ae fourd th
b Rrboormai
(n RNA)
RNA,:'pe)emt-. in aldosomu
total
in

RNA.
cell:

ond EouRte
4u moleeuda mass
alo oyp
sdaol.

4s
melaboliially

covytttutu dbout 15%. of total RA 25x10,

toyuhane 5/.0f ee RNA. -M

 eplnsatot r oe ctond A.

and RNA ?

DNA RNA
D-ibot
suckura 91 has pevntote kgart, ie,D-2-|. dt contne

Arongynibut
bose

Adenie, burívd, Cgtcie Cikr called A denthe,6wa mi'ne

Thymine.

|54hu douhe duoddteli had dde dhordkd hlx

Pynekotide.
|4hst de whorowolrulo with
wolzoulan wad t buthen vnoeelan wat
Hant
Gyto to 16 L0 amu th Hana 20000
to AOo00 ane

funtional
RNA does nol
nepkcad.
RNA wdeuls conbd proin |2. DAA Hsfonalelf
. DNA moleculy pkat

tioh tases plac

c.
s4rithui
tuadipitar huedin
ekaract.

Q6. Mention oome ineostont funtön of dei auids.

DNA ord RNA oNe HUpondle for puotin othad

Puotin ae RNA nolecale Bu'infamatim
DNA.
ane preknt otth
protin

noleaule dne
DA
ecke charadoo edqoaon.

saallnthand.
i) 3' end
one srand
tae Aaue chen adund eht
1dan (
bondesea.
rordsa
M\Gons (A-T)
H-dordd
one tto
/
i
-T)thSn
ulh bose ofotun sthond wilk
falp
. DNA on
l.hgtroly prul
Boae, ie, odeniine.

hdi
A
?
e erCNed aire
hene t chent be srlemoned
ane tiu ch d0wrte oto,. n blo

t PROTEIN
e Han the
the coelau-d
cosepwa. aloeodu. epla

intnal salt due to whèh hey haue kigh melting port du to

dlectnortalf foee faed, ehc tlb alh do not.

e. whee
corsumed ona hedenatwaton
& 6ola, he paotin gte denatuned ond then eonqilatin taku placa

ond the
wate pus nt the e99 in gdo aloße in
congulaed pteine
Prkudy due to H Hfurdi]
Qz hot ane toa lntal and non-edential ammiio aclde? 6tve ton

CAnpe each tu

essental amiro ach ane thax anino aeidl which mt be Pout of

dict. Jy valine, cine

Bsclauci,pkerf lanine ele

Non-esevtil amno aude e dhete aino acide hich aue puocuad on

2 elaid to potein
yefine

:
ate.

(Natu)
i) Denatnaton
Q5, What ane he Cominon

atucheol poina?
he tp Gonliy hlp o Aulu
Lonlhg
-
the

a
a-heke

p
ai gtoealls poeiv amd stohba tu dbudue

auids ?
the anylstoris betavtown of amins
$8. Hoa doyou eylain
> vAmins a
anyhotet
hane koth
in netuNe ,
acilic

te, tey
and bac
oeact
goye
otth
, ,
thenefo
both cida
thg
ond bosy.
aFË tan a cyt ag wel as donat a proton

H30+
Hax-CH-t0OH + H20

41 HgN -CH-Co0 1

R
H H,N-CA-00T + H20
lamino auid
 Biomolecules

Flow ChartOf Biomolecules

Glucose |Carbohydrates

Preparation of Glucose Classification ofcarholydrates

> Structure of glucose D-L Nomenclaturc

Structre of fructose
Reducing
Non-reducing Sugars

Biomolecules
Amino Acids
Enzymes

Classification ofAmino Acids

Mechanism of enzyme
action

Protiens

Nucleic Acids
Structure of Protiens

Fibrous Protiens Chemical composition of

nucleic acids

Globular Proteins

Structure of nucleic acids

 |Biomoleculy
in Siving
invoved
i brancl o caml dt tot dual with ta hdeculu,

ytem, id called Ciachemiatg

viqnít and hucdaic acide ae send

Carboy drates. þstaina,
calld 9igmukecus
uY Thse aTe
Cdnpohut

adhue polehydn aldhya o

qre clly
Carbofydetu i Carbotydvet
o u:u yidd
kattnt 0r Aubtr
Hydratu Carbm
: Genral
4 Compnnds on dmda.

Fottnuk.

Claasifceton

is bared on
Carboydreu

Hydoyá-
:
cation
This cdassif

be ydnlykd frtr
tat Can hat
i A Carbokydrate
a1 Mono44 ccharides aldyd

Por exobk - GJucote |Prutote | Kibose

uNit
tht rocc, ato io mmo4a eckanida
Carbotydrata
b]0ig04ac danida, i
. qre called oligoxacchani
d

d
biAacchani

SuCrose
ISucore
Aatoe
a Jarge horof
hmo sackaride
prody a
Carloky drot thot

txanpk
ae Col

-: Starch|Cullydoe
4v in tate
|
polyaacetanid.

alycogeh
.

Hence are aldo Called hon

qte hot Sugara
Polysacckanidua
 D-L Nom«hdaturL
Standsnu f 1 No-endatr. :

D- Gtycaral dyde Mi L- clyurnlatyk

n dattorotto hedre ond

df b
lusvexotatos

0.
hahure

@ut
a
remtmlber
cmpnnd,

Inah R hatun cah ba

D ad L {are ho
attivL

htn ui otel actuit Coopod , 3t raeds o

StncuT Cutot -: HoH
- , Je rl carbn -
þrsent ot ight tda
id

- Glucse

Non- Sugara i [paotoc]

Reducing and eduing-

Raducing Sugars - tAoe carboky dratas shiek redca To lken's tesget

are called Tadväng gea

and fatling raagant

Cluose oa Tuctha)
A htnoA cchamdu ase Tduhg gar. (fXanjle

d
Non- TRduciht &uger-;

Pehng Aolation aT
Carboydrtia

eoled hdn-
ufc. can nt aduc
duing fuyt . Tollew esgt

Sucrose

CH
Cleic mono Sqcchanieas

MonoAqcchaid. Contaiming addhyda grant

AJdeae -:
H

Ktase -: Mosoda cchonid. comtaining- kto grat

Clcose ia qh example Adote ,Wl. ructo e i D-fructot

ah exahlh kcg
 Differet Typeu MenoAacchanides

Carbon atoa Aldetyce

Aldoiofa

4 Aldoterofe ktottre

S kedolutoce
Aldohtrtote

Atdokuzose ksdofuxote

Gucose

h ull Cmbihd frn. Ii ece in

)
haturc

Au frut , {oy Ohd ie .

.[cesf&eta013 9 Detdi 201*]
1
Pve c
H 0+
C1a HaaOi1
Raide Hydhs
Sucrost

CHO

LhuAY Stu cure u-:

Suttoing
Avidnce

Six Carban in
fr this

cain :
trudre
CHO
frolgl
Haing
HI
wit
h-Hexa

b. Pre sSena

CHO)
: 7
c9SÊ2o1s
 HCN
(CMoH),
CEHOH)

d PrBthck S O gYa-: CHO CHO

Acetylahton

Glutose ftaactat

1° al cohal'e graup (-oH) :

Conc CH
Com

(C) oxidaio
(cr)+

[out:ao1a2
! cO3EA13>

Cce Carbon
Chechrre gecate

Anemnic

H
3
Ho
HO H -H

H -oM

H LCH,

d-D-cGluro

Hauevtt rojechin

H
H

P-9- Gucolyenose
 In Haworth Projehn membrod ydic tudure o lucosa i

Called Pyranoe atrue (In anadegg wi yran )

Anom Ano merA are i 4o hhtTA hat dif in the
Con figuraion

atom dug in ita ydie frim

CeSE 2G1
Carbon o q
actal oY Rimiatal

vcete
Cgcc fncre
a,4-DNP tt,chf
gue do4 hot give
aaving oldtyde gra
Dshite
frm ddut wth Namso'
ahd it do not q

wH Jntoin th @bienc
l (stt das hok a0d
Pete acte

NH,o, NO
NaMS0
H
No Raachm
Reschi
\ Pyridin
o

No Ruactie

Schiff Tet

ytalli funs wth are

dwo di fferent
xit in
cucoe i4 found to

tnalaing
boint and artvt ta
hand

Pruckete-:
Studue

Ho-
Ho2M HoH

D-frutose
P-D-vutoie

d- D-
e
Arolo
 OH)

CHa
Puron

0-D-fru do furanose
 Amino Auda

Aine (-N) Carbony! gruk

(-i-on)

d- Ahino Ad -: R- CH,coott K Sid doin 20 Amin

Clascificion of atino audy -: Alanina.

Volird

ODehending oh hadure
ynti-:

a Non -

synttid
Ete Amino

in be dy are
qcds
Knewh
T, anino acds
ay hon- enial
wl
amino auda
Can LLeluin

Arginine
be

10 amino auda qre hon -ehal GJutamie Aa

Fo examle Aaht Aud

Glutamihe
Thofe amjho aads wik can hot

b) fttiad Pmjno auda -

obtalhed hraugl dilt.

in uYbedy and mut bu
Thraonin

V T -TI MHALL Sein

Phanyd adanin. Matkeni

Thronis
Tryhtopken Phenyl alahit

Tyroaine

Oh 1h ba4 unchcnel
Thn
a> NArtr Aio Auds - Ohs -NH hd ONL --ot gra. Miztidine

Prulin
H-c--

b: Awdic Amiho Auda -: Oh, -NH, ah

far exa Nataitie awd

cocH N,
 Basic Anino Aud -: More no.

-tC.N,
anine v 4on aoy 3 .
NOTÊ-:
betove lte Aolta r tan
Calk Aolida

aniut
. Hare aTe water

Certoryle auds
Aolu ble ard

C-N
wittY Ln

3r)
-: Due
in t Soha
to nsence

mola.Cal. , bo
in qqvAn
audie

Aolitn
( Carboxyl

-- 3r
greu -car)

ca
a-d

JA
ate

,
in
acet a brofon ring ie to a di halar

in [cort2euc
This diþolar in is known d zuwitar

R-H-2-o - Ta is Ntr b

Zwitter Im both and cart

Amino Ad
witk bejk
aud axd

This can
reat

ol cue
tture d4 no chiral
D4cayse

Carbn in c.

Protins

dawt biomoecul
viny 4teh .
frotind qre most abun

Protaim art
ur ahino grt
C0st 2014 / citia/ca
ra
2016
/3utiot)

O hd bo2 0T helhd
listo9.

s an amidu nkege
chamically
peptidu inkahg

-- 3r ou d- ahnino d
ford btvulh
foh-d by
N-t--
dr d- ahno acd
Cn-NHa 3rn
watr melecua
 bd -: Co.bihalt> a mjho aud hd bond is Kou

Sinilerl,a td. cooin 3 aiho auds nkad y hl Snbe

foltds - Cambination io or ron Hhah Lo amihe quds b betda bo.d4

Protin iA a pohyebtide Prcteim

Hydrdylis
Pdu
Auda

Clastifc3 ratdi -
q Fibro Protut :i nah polyhelid cheih

ke
uh harA

taGure i
a qrt

forh
dk deger

ingth ad diaul:d bond4, Hh fbre

>
h
Such þroti

CTa-H-:
Clobul&r

TAas

Éxanle 3
qre

karalin

Profuino-:

att ufulk

Inculin
.
C tair

4dlubl

and
||
inselude in water

wosl

calhs
SilkI

in woter.

abUhing.
an4

bolpetdu
hy0 n C PreSe

toil araund
in huc]
re q nic
.

e ind Coh be studied at faur difeent dauds

Stuctre ad

, n
.
Pina seodky, tuhoy
on revind4 ohe .
In a otin molecule
uctyre otalm
Prihay
td ckain in otain ia linhud
be pretet Earh
choin, tnayy

eutvct hin0 auds. TAs Aquecu amihe aud i4 tu

b) Studure o ptainA :- It f to dh h

i
in uhea Jons.

od chain Can Rit. T od to in duo dffevtkt

 ariu du to regulor

toldlihg chbon lshd. clain

do .
bouun --oM

.
htngen bondin

-NH- v ds bod

d-Helx -: i On th hod Coh thdn

fam

-
chain all þatitl
in whick a pedybabide

ydrugeh

ix)
ah
. bonda by

amine add
twiating

ydrogeh bnd iA in

t--
into q ight

btuth

d
tand 4cw

ah

(H)
djeck

[auki a2 CBiE Ao3-

tuh lix. /

-lat S !:Hn B- tudre, dll d

byovgen
qnd Jhen
rtad ou tnaihun axt
Chein oart

laid Ad by da (we art tald tossthar b nterdeulsr

Aydrogn bonding)

Audre T.Sembl e uat fuds drapet a4

pleated
skut

dr. ptimd !: rRt fudey

C? Tat

Mabes fbre and globunr

nkayal ,1der
tmdlecaar llolt

on H-boding, diaulpd
Solilatg t uhwre deds
fation.
dladnAahie fora
fo
GotrbM
etracato ahd

rudt rotins - Th shall aTangenent

yd chein] with
4 ub ut
ct
- tdna [uhd
to aoch other ia knowh
yitn uilh
found tn a bpoyial
Protain
((3b)
Ntve otin aUhinpu hvu dmnicml tuckur

natve protain
biologico4 aivity ia Caled
and
 ( ruckuTA avi dut to Teaular

foldihg bachbon bttd. chain

te hde bodina baaun -- o

-N- d bod.

-Halx -: It is ON th ho cohyG

a edytidu chain fatm all þouibka

wagt in which

dgth badn uiting indo q iy tandud AC

(Ckulix) ydogeh bod JA In bdwth -w

4ach oamin aud tt -2- gr djdz

h

duh lix. |
[auhi i2 c31E iol3 (L)

p- ltd shut- In p- tuture, al beide

chain are retad our teaIh axt and tun

laid d b da (wch at tld tosthr itrhwlsr

ucre TuSerbu pliatul dda dvapeh a

C Te tudre ptainm

mleccar

Stouibit
tobes

4 th
fibre

struchwre
and lobuJar

dets
foru
oh H-boding

traton.
, diaulpld Intagal, 1Mey ll

dnahtc
fo ahd

a? uM
otracon

tudr rotin T Satl amavgemet

fdybptda
rub unit

hain]with vaket

qyatrhary
tndre
4yitm with
found in a biodogicad
Denaturatien o Pretaim: Protain
(3D)
hva dinalniewl tucure
Nattve

and
otn

biologi col aivity

aUhinpu
ia called
natitNL þrotin .
 PRIMARY. SEGONDARÝ TERTIARY QUATERNARY
STRUCTURE STRUCTURE STRUCTURE
Amino
Acids

p- shets

a -hellces

a- helices B- sheets

Desaturation of Protiens

Denaturation

Donaturd prod
Fünctional protein
in
ln a hatve
enbenute) aY eamical
foh f. tcin

ehnuge
iA

( hi
btu
chany
do

in )
yhtcal

yangen bod
chny (cor
drturbd Dueà uholdin huoan or uncoilin

Cu4 muin au dta hiologjcl akdl Tl t4 aha Dehatutrm }:

[Dh23l 101+
buing dnturatin |3^ tru chra are dutry
casf A01
b ruchre ha intac.

T Coaguaton A uh:te dnboLin- . bi

by
n
Coagdaion
2.dnatonle

otur4"

Curd iing o nilk foltwd

watar ret in e8
|
odlde cbebd in Cosgule tine

trnuyk Hydgen bnvdi.

Nucdic Auda

iharet chardhy
Ha i csien f

Nudaus a lvin cl ia Tbl tra

Qre Calld chrmsc

T Thu hart'cu in nuchw
cll (Tmibl fr tredit)
qhd hudic ada.
aYe mada ub
chromoSemes
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DNA 2014

Dulh a01011 | cSf2oli

Chtmic Ccmpesitio3

Nudde Aud
huluie auds

Hyd-oly tia Pertote Sugn + Hoic Qd + base

Nitgun Gmdig
tutuocydie

RNA B-D- ribo se + Phoahens ad + [ AGcUI

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min (T)

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2014

Ndaedide

Nuchsida = Sugar + bqre

Nuaie Aid
Many hucuidu Payuclaidu Nuchotde

Nudic Ad .. Sugen -hst -Sugeu-Phehct- Suge.

a hudoid bSe iA Cohhected tCarbon dug ad ho

uclaoau are joinad dogt&r Hhpheduter Lnkage bchueun s Ph

5end of chan
BASE
BASE
SUGAR
SUGAR

rhosphotliester
4
linkage
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BASE
BASE
Lo--o-l, sÇlI, O,
SUGAR SUGAR

3' end of chatn

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Adani fma ydtosn banda with Thymis. wlere a Cyto in fxms

hydrogen bonda wuitlh Cuenine | ]
A=T

3 Hydagnbmda

Structur - Sing trandd huiy.

(ü) Ribo4Gmad KNA -RNP)

[buti 20133

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Unckon hulaic atids ia t teh dyasis in th cal.

DNA
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mRNA

Protein