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2010 考研真题单词（英语二）
（例句来源于考研英语二真题）
说明：1. (pl.)代表复数形式。2.考研词汇的意思大部分比较抽象，建议结合短语例句理解
记忆。
完形填空
（战争或疾病
outbreak n
的）暴发
The outbreak of swine flu that was first
detect v 发现，察觉 detected in Mexico was declared a
global epidemic on June 11,2009.
传染病，流行
epidemic n
病
提高的，增加 The heightened alert followed an emer-
heightened adj
的 gency meeting with flu experts in Ge-
neva that assembled after a sharp rise in
alert n 警惕，警戒
cases in Australia, and rising numbers
召开（会议）， in Britain, Japan, Chile and elsewhere.
assemble v
（会议）召开
severity n 严重程度
But the epidemic is “moderate” in se-
压倒性的，势 verity, with the overwhelming majority
overwhelming adj 不可挡的，巨 of patients experiencing only mild
大的 symptoms and a full recovery, often in
the absence of any medical treatment.
mild adj 轻微的
symptom n (临床)症状
n
authority 当局，官方
（常 The outbreak came to global notice in
用 pl) late April 2009, when Mexican authori-
长期住院，住 ties noted an unusually large number of
院治疗（可引 hospitalizations and deaths among
hospitalization n 申为住院治疗 healthy adults.
病例，例句中
即为此意思）
As much of Mexico City shut down at
the height of a panic, cases began to
panic n 恐慌，惊慌 crop up in New York City, the south-
western United States and around the
world.
In the United States, new cases seemed
fade v 逐渐消失
to fade as warmer weather arrived.
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But in late September 2009, officials re-
ported there was significant flu ac-
virtually adv 几乎，事实上 tivity in almost every state and that vir-
tually all the samples tested are the new
swine flu.
联邦的，同盟
federal adj
的 Federal health officials released
Tamiflu for children from the national
stockpile n 库存，积蓄
stockpile and began taking orders from
the states for the new swine flu vaccine.
vaccine n 疫苗
More than three million doses were to
（药物的）剂
dose n be made available in early October
量，一剂
2009.
给……注射疫 But it was still possible to vaccinate
vaccinate v
苗 people in other high-risk groups.
阅读理解 Text1
（股票市场 The longest bull run （牛市态势）in a
bull n
上）买空者 century of art-market history ended on
态势，状况， a dramatic note with a sale of 56 works
run n by Damien Hirst , Beautiful Inside My
趋势
Head Forever, at Sotheby’s in London
note n 气氛，特征
on September 15th 2008.
All but two pieces sold, fetching more
fetch v 售得、卖得 than ￡70m, a record for a sale by a
single artist.
auctioneer n 拍卖师
As the auctioneer called out bids, in
New York one of the oldest banks on
bid n 出价
Wall Street, Lehman Brothers, filed for
bankruptcy.
bankruptcy n 破产
The world art market had already been
momentum n 势头
losing momentum for a while after ris-
ing bewilderingly since 2003.
bewilderingly adv 令人费解地
At its peak in 2007 it was worth some
＄65 billion, reckons Clare McAndrew,
reckon v 认为 founder of Arts Economics, a research
firm-double the figure five years ear-
lier.
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generate v 产生
But the market generates interest far
beyond its size because it brings to-
ego n 自我
gether great wealth, enormous egos,
greed, passion and controversy in a
greed n 贪婪
way matched by few other industries.
controversy n 争议
In the weeks and months that followed
unfashionable adj 不合时宜的 Mr. Hirst’s sale, spending of any sort
became deeply unfashionable.
gallery n 画廊、美术馆
In the art world that meant collectors
stayed away from galleries and sale-
salerooms n 拍卖场
rooms.
Sales of contemporary art fell by two-
contemporary adj 当代的
thirds, and in the most overheated sec-
tor, they were down by nearly 90% in
overheated adj 过热的
the year to November 2008.
Within weeks the world’s two biggest
guarantee n 保证、担保 auction houses had to pay out nearly
＄200m in guarantees to clients.
（经济活动、 The current downturn in the art market
downturn n 生产等）下 is the worst since the Japanese stopped
降、衰退 buying Impressionists at the end of
1989.
Impressionist n 印象派
This time experts reckon that prices are
about 40% down on their peak on aver-
fluctuant adj 波动的
age, though some have been far more
fluctuant.
（价格、数值 What makes this slump different from
slump n 等）暴跌、不 the last, he says, is that there are still
景气、萧条 buyers in the market.
The three Ds-death, debt and divorce-
deliver v 输送
still deliver works of art to the market.
阅读理解 Text2
发表演说，
address v
向……讲话 I was addressing a small gathering in a
suburban Virginia living room — — a
gathering n 聚会
women’s group that had invited men to
join them.
suburban adj 郊区的
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Throughout the evening, one man had
talkative adj 健谈的
been particularly talkative, frequently
offering ideas and anecdotes, while his
anecdote n 奇闻、轶事 wife sat silently beside him on the
couch.
I commented that women frequently
comment v 发表意见 complain that their husbands don’t talk
to them.
做手势，做动 He gestured toward his wife and side,
gesture v
作示意 “She’s the talker in our family.”
The room burst into laughter; the man
puzzled adj 困惑的
looked puzzled and hurt.
episode n 插曲
The episode crystallizes the irony that
使明确化、使 although American men tend to talk
crystallize v more than women in public situations,
具体化
具有讽刺意味 they often talk less at home.
irony n
的情况
（对某物）造
wreak v
成破坏 And this pattern is wreaking havoc with
marriage.
havoc n 灾难、混乱
Sociologist Catherine Kohler Riessman
reports in her new book Divorce Talk
that most of the women she inter-
sociologist n 社会学家
viewed-but only a few of the men-gave
back of communication as the reason
for their divorces.
实际上的、几 Given the current divorce rate of nearly
virtual adj
乎的 50 percent, that amounts to millions of
cases in the United States every year
epidemic n 流行病 —a virtual epidemic of failed conver-
sation.
确凿的，实在 In my own research, complaints from
tangible adj
的 women about their husbands most of-
ten focused not on tangible inequities
inequity n 不平等
such as having given up the chance for
a career to accompany a husband to his,
accompany v 陪伴
or doing far more than their share of
（某人应有或 daily life-support work like cleaning,
share n cooking and social arrangements.
承担的）一份
I found, as Hacker observed years be-
observe v 评论
fore, that most wives want their
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husbands to be, first and foremost, con-
expectation n 期望 versational partners, but few husbands
share this expectation of their wives.
represent v 代表
In short, the image that best represents
the current crisis is the stereotypical
crisis n 危机
cartoon scene of a man sitting at the
breakfast table with a newspaper held
stereotypical adj 典型的
up in front of his face, while a woman
glares at the back of it, wanting to talk.
scene n 场景
阅读理解 Text3
Over the past decade, many companies
perfect v 使完美、完善
had perfected the art of creating auto-
matic behaviors- habits-among con-
automatic adj 自动的
sumers.
snack n 零食、小吃
These habits have helped companies
earn billions of dollars when customers
wipe v 擦、抹
eat snacks or wipe counters almost
without thinking, often in response to a
counter n 柜台
carefully designed set of daily cues.
cue n 提示、暗示
There are fundamental public health
fundamental adj 基本的
problems, like dirty hands instead of a
soap habit, that remain killers only be-
hygiene n 卫生（学）
cause we can't figure out how to change
people's habits,” said Dr. Curtis, the di-
rector of the Hygiene” Center at the
tropical adj 热带的
London School of Hygiene & Tropical
Medicine.
subtle adj 微妙的
The companies that Dr. Curtis turned to
大型公司、企 had invested hundreds of millions of
corporation n dollars finding the subtle cues in con-
业集团
sumers’ lives that corporations could
routine n 惯例
use to introduce new routines.
chew v 咀嚼
If you look hard enough, you'll find that
moisturizer n 润肤膏
many of the products we use every day
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– chewing gums, skin moisturizers，
disinfecting adj 消毒的
disinfecting wipes, air fresheners, wa-
ter purifiers, health snacks, teeth whit-
purifier n 净化器
eners, fabric softeners, vitamins- are re-
sults of manufactured habits.
fabric n 针织物
维他命、维生
vitamin n
素
A century ago, few people regularly
multiple adj 多次的
brushed their teeth multiple times a day.
shrewd adj 精明的
Today, because of shrewd advertising
and public health campaigns ， many
campaign n 宣传活动
Americans habitually give their pearly
cavity -prevent- whites a cavity -preventing scrub twice
口腔预防
ing a day, often with Colgate, Crest or one
of the other brands.
scrub n 擦洗
beverage n 饮料
Then beverage companies started
bottle v 把……装进瓶
bottling the production of far-off
springs, and now office workers un-
spring n 泉、山泉
thinkingly sip bottled water all day
long.
sip v 小口地喝
primarily adv 首先地
Chewing gum, once bought primarily
adolescent adj 青春期的
by adolescent boys, is now featured in
commercials as a breath freshener and
feature v 以……为特色
teeth cleanser for use after a meal.
commercial n 商业广告
Skin moisturizers are advertised as part
ritual n 仪式
of morning beauty rituals, slipped in
between hair brushing and putting on
slip v 滑
makeup.
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“Our products succeed when they be-
come part of daily or weekly patterns,”
said Carol Berning, a consumer psy-
psychologist n 心理学家 chologist who recently retired from
Procter & Gamble,the company that
sold $76 billion of Tide, Crest and
other products last year.
It's essential to making new products
viable adj 可行的
commercially viable.
Through experiments and observation,
social scientists like Dr. Berning have
无情的、残忍
ruthless adj learned that there is power in tying cer-
的
tain behaviors to habitual cues through
ruthless advertising.
Controversies have erupted when the
erupt v 暴发
tactics have been used to sell question-
able beauty creams or unhealthy foods.
tactic n 策略
阅读理解 Text4
（由 12 位公
jury n 民组成的）陪
审团
concrete adj 具体的
Many Americans regard the jury sys-
tem as a concrete expression of crucial
democratic adj 民主的
democratic values, including the prin-
ciples that all citizens who meet mini-
minimal adj 最低限度的
mal qualifications of age and literacy
are equally competent to serve on ju-
qualification n 限定性条件 ries.
文化程度、有
literacy n
文化
能胜任的、有
competent adj
能力的
Jurors should be selected randomly
randomly adv 随机地 from a representative cross section of
the community.
defendant n 被告
Defendants are entitled to trial by their
entitled adj 有资格的
peers.
trial n 审判
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Verdicts should represent the con-
verdict n 裁定
science of the community and not just
the letter of the law.
conscience n 良心
But as recently as in 1968, jury selec-
procedure n 程序 tion procedures conflicted with these
democratic ideals.
Although the Supreme Court of the
prohibit v 禁止
United States had prohibited inten-
tional racial discrimination in jury se-
intentional adj 有意的
lection as early as the 1880 case of
Strauder v. West Virginia, the practice
discrimination n 歧视
of selecting so-called elite or blue-rib-
bon juries provided a convenient way
elite n 精英
around this and other antidiscrimina-
一流的、头等 tion laws.
blue-ribbon adj
的
It was not until the 1940s that a major-
eligible adj 有资格的 ity of states made women eligible for
jury duty.
Even then several states automatically
exempted women from jury duty unless
exempt v 免除、豁免
they personally asked to have their
names included on the jury list.
证明……有道 This practice was justified by the claim
justify v
理 that women were needed at home, and
it kept juries unrepresentative of
unrepresentative adj 不能代表的
women through the 1960s.
This law abolished special educational
requirements for federal jurors and re-
abolish v 废除 quired them to be selected at random
from a cross section of the entire com-
munity.
In the landmarke1975 decision Taylor
v. Louisiana, the Supreme Court ex-
landmark n 里程碑 tended the requirement that juries be
representative of all parts of the com-
munity to the state level.
The Taylor decision also declared sex
declare v 宣布
discrimination in jury selection to be
unconstitutional and ordered states to
unconstitutional adj 不符合宪法的 use the same procedures for selecting
male and female jurors.
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新题型
大声宣告、大 Both Boeing and Airbus have trumpeted
trumpet v
肆宣扬 the efficiency of their newest aircraft,
the 787 and A350 respectively.
respectively adv 分别地
比通常重量轻
lightweight adj
的 Their clever designs and lightweight
composites certainly make a difference.
composite n 复合材料
But a group of researchers at Stanford
University, led by Ilan Kroo, has sug-
gested that airlines could take a more
naturalistic adj 自然的
naturalistic approach to cutting jet-fuel
use and it would not require them to buy
new aircraft.
Since 1914, scientists have known that
formation n 编队、形成
birds flying in formation— a V-shape
—— expend less energy.
expend n 消耗
curl v 盘绕、缭绕
（鸟或飞机 The air flowing over a bird's wings curls
wingtip n 的）翼尖，翼 upwards behind the wingtips，a phe-
梢 nomenon known as upwash.
upwash n 上升气流
Other birds flying in the upwash expe-
drag n 负重、累赘
rience reduced drag, and spend less en-
ergy propelling themselves
propel v 推进
Peter Lissaman, an aeronautics expert
who was formerly at Caltech and the
aeronautics n 航空学 University of Southern California, has
suggested that a formation of 25 birds
might enjoy a range increase of 71%.
实质上、大体 When applied to aircraft, the principles
substantially adv
上 are not substantially different.
Dr. Kroo and his team modeled what
depart v 出发
would happen if three passenger jets de-
parting from Los Angeles, San Fran-
assemble v 集合
cisco and Las Vegas were to assemble
over Utah, assume an inverted V-for-
inverted adj 倒转的
mation，occasionally change places so
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all could have a turn in the most favora-
favorable adj 有利的
ble positions, and proceed to London.
proceed v 继续进行
They found that the aircraft consumed
as much as 15% less fuel (coupled with
consume v 消耗；消费
a reduction in carbon-dioxide 二氧化碳
output).
emission n 排放
（汽车、飞机 Nitrogen-oxide（一氧化氮） emissions
cruise v 等）以平稳速 during the cruising portions of the flight
度行驶 fell by around a quarter.
portion n 部分
结、疙瘩，例 There are, of course, knots to be worked
knot n 句中指“问 out.
题”
One consideration is safety, or at least
perception n 觉察
the perception of it.
Would passengers feel comfortable
companion n 同伴、结伴
travelling in companion？
Dr. Kroo points out that the aircraft
nautical adj 航海的
could be separated by several nautical
miles, and would not be in the intimate
intimate adj 亲近的 groupings favoured by display teams
like the Red Arrows.
仔细看、盯着 A passenger peering out of the window
peer v
看 might not even see the other planes.
Whether the separation distances in-
separation n 分开
volved would satisfy air-traffic-control
regulations is another matter, although a
regulation n 规定
working group at the International Civil
Aviation Organisation has included the
aviation n 航空
possibility of formation flying in a blue-
print for new operational guidelines.
blueprint n 计划、蓝图
operational adj 操作的
湍流、不稳定
turbulence n
的强气流
In zones of increased turbulence, the
wake n 航空轨迹
planes’ wakes will decay more quickly
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and the effect will diminish.
decay v 消退
diminish v 变小、减小
Dr. Kroo says this is one of the areas his
investigate v 调查
team will investigate further.
It might also be hard for airlines to co-
co-ordinate v 协调
ordinate the departure times and desti-
nations of passenger aircraft in a way
destination n 目的地 that would allow them to gain from for-
mation flight.
Cargo aircraft, in contrast, might be eas-
重新计划、重
reschedule v ier to reschedules, as might routine mil-
新安排日程
itary flights.
Dr Lissman says they are unsubstanti-
unsubstantiated adj 未经证实的
ated.
My father was an RAF pilot and my
skipper n 机长 cousin the skipper of a Lancaster lost
over Berlin,” he adds.
翻译
“Sustainability”has become a popular
sustainability n 忍受力
word these days, but to Ted Ning, the
concept will always have personal
concept n 概念
meaning.
Having endured a painful period of un-
endure v 忍耐、忍受
sustainability in his own life made it
clear to him that sustainability-oriented
以……为目标
oriented adj values must be expressed through eve-
的、主要的
ryday action and choice.
困惑的、令人
confusing adj
困惑的 Ning recalls spending a confusing year
in the late 1990s selling insurance.
insurance n 保险
与互联网有关
dot-com adj
的
He'd been through the dot-com boom
boom n 激增
and burst and, desperate for a job,
signed on with a Boulder agency.
burst n 爆炸
desperate adj 非常需要的
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进退两难的境 “ It was a really bad move because
dilemma n
地、困境 that's not my passion,” says Ning,
whose dilemma about the job trans-
translate v 导致、造成
lated, predictably，into a lack of sales.
predictably adv 可以预期地
I was miserable.
miserable adj 痛苦的
I would wake up in the middle of the
ceiling n 天花板
night and stare at the ceiling.
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