整理自：学长小谭
2009 考研真题单词（英语一）
说明：1. (pl.)代表复数形式；
2. 考研词汇的意思大部分比较抽象，建议结合短语例句理解记忆。
完形填空
Research on animal intelligence always
wonder vt makes us wonder just how smart
humans are.
fruit-fly n Fruit-flies who were taught to be
smarter than the average fruit-fly
average adj tended to live shorter lives.
This suggests that dimmer bulbs burn
dim bulb n
longer.
Intelligence, it turns out, is a high-
option n
priced option.
It takes more upkeep, burns more fuel
upkeep n and is slow off the starting line because
it depends on learning.
The audience burst into spontaneous
spontaneous adj
applause.(来自网易有道词典)
Is there an adaptive value to limited
adaptive adj
intelligence.
That’s the question behind this new
behind prep
research.
cast vt
wistful adj Instead of casting a wistful glance
backward at all the species we’ve left in
leave sb in the
the dust I.Q.-wise, it implicitly asks
dust
what the real costs of our own
I.Q.-wise intelligence might be.
implicitly adv
run v
Every cat with an owner, for instance,
scale n is running a small-scale study in
operant operant conditioning.
conditioning
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inconclusive adj So far the results are inconclusive.
阅读理解 Text1
mindlessly adv We reach for them mindlessly.
rule vt
“Not choice, but habit rules the
unreflecting adj unreflecting herd,” William Wordsworth
said in the 19th century.
herd n
So it seems paradoxical to talk about habits
paradoxical adj in the same context as creativity and
innovation.
parallel adj We create parallel paths, and even entirely
new brain cells, that can jump our trains of
trains of
thought onto new, innovative tracks.
thought
Rather than dismissing ourselves as
dismiss ... as ...
unchangeable creatures of habit, we can
creature of instead direct our own change by
habits consciously developing new habits.
The more new things we try-the more we
inherently adv
step outside our comfort zone-the more
inherently creative we become, both in the
comfort zone
workplace and in our personal lives.
Don’t bother trying to kill off（使某事物
bother vt
停止;根除）old habits.
rut n
Once those ruts of procedure are worn into
the brain, they’re there to stay.
wear v
Instead, the new habits we deliberately
bypass vt press into ourselves create parallel
pathways that can bypass those old roads.
The first thing needed for innovation is a
fascination n fascination with wonder.
At the end of adolescence, however, the
adolescence n
brain shuts down half of that capacity,
preserving only those modes of thought
preserve vt that have seemed most valuable during the
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modes of first decade or so of life.
thought
work through All of us work through problems in ways
problems of which we're unaware, she says.
Researchers in the late 1960s discovered
that humans are born with the capacity to
approach
approach challenges in four primary ways:
challenge(s)
analytically, procedurally, relationally (or
collaboratively) and innovatively.
perpetuate vt
That’s a lie that we have perpetuated, and
it fosters commonness.
foster vt
阅读理解 Text2
boost vt
But today a man can boost his paternal
paternal adj wisdom--or at least confirm that he’s the
kid’s dad.
confirm v
All he needs to do is shell out(付一大笔
kit n 款；还账) $30 for a paternity testing kit
(PTK) at his local drugstore.
available adj More than 60,000 people have purchased
the PTKs since they first became available
prescription n without prescriptions last year.
Among the most popular: paternity and
kinship n kinship testing, which adopted children
can use to find their relatives and families
adoption n can use to track down kids put up for
adoption.
rage n
DNA testing is also the latest rage among
passionate genealogists.
genealogist n
swab vt Most tests require collecting cells by
swabbing saliva in the mouth and sending
saliva n it to the company for testing.
“There’s a kind of false precision being
hawk vt
hawked by people claiming they are doing
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ancestry testing,” says Troy Duster, a New
ancestry n
York University sociologist.
sociologist n
Yet most ancestry testing（祖先、家谱检
chromosome n 测） only considers a single lineage, either
the Y chromosome inherited through men
in a father's line or mitochondrial DNA,
mitochondrial adj which is passed down（传下来，遗传）
only from mothers.
"Do you really want that bloodline?" the
bloodline n clockmaker asked suddenly.（来自网易有
道词典）
In addition, the computer programs a
estimate vt
company uses to estimate relationships
may be patented and not subject to peer
subject adj review（同行评审） or outside evaluation.
Databases used by some companies don't
rely on data collected systematically but
lump together rather lump together information from
different research projects. (not…but
rather…不是……，而是……)
阅读理解 Text3
conventional adj
However, the conventional view that
education should be one of the very highest
priority n
priorities for promoting rapid economic
development in poor countries is wrong.
promote vt
The findings of a research institution have
consistently adv consistently shown that workers in all
countries can be trained on the job to
achieve radically higher productivity and,
radically adv as a result, radically higher standards of
living.
Do You Fall Victim to This Common
fall victim of
Source of Stress?(来自网易有道词典)
The importance of education is
downgrade vt
downgraded.
Our fears proved groundless.(来自网易有
groundless adj
道词典)
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peak n
Not long ago, with the country entering a
recession and Japan at its pre-bubble peak,
workforce n
the U.S. workforce was derided as poorly
educated and one of the primary cause（主
deride vt 要 原 因 ) of the poor U.S. economic
enter a performance.
recession
assembly n automotive-assembly
They achieved about 95 percent of the
counterpart n productivity of their Japanese
counterparts.
The Japanese workforce is better
discipline v
disciplined.
The researchers discovered that illiterate,
illiterate adj non-English-speaking Mexican workers
in Houston, Texas, consistently met best-
practice labor productivity standards
complexity n despite the complexity of the building
industry’s work.
We have to suspect that continuing
suspect vt economic growth promotes the
development of education.
Only when humanity began to get its food
productive adj in a more productive way was there time
for other things.
afford v They could in turn afford more education.
This increasingly high level of education
sufficient adj is probably a necessary, but not a sufficient
condition.
Thus poor countries might not be able to
escape their poverty traps without political
trap n
changes that may be possible only with
broader formal education.
constrain vt A lack of formal education, however,
doesn’t constrain the ability of the
substantially adv developing world’s workforce to
substantially improve productivity for the
foreseeable adj foreseeable future.
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阅读理解 Text4
The most thoroughly studied intellectuals
thoroughly adv
in the history of the New World are the
ministers and political leaders of
intellectual n seventeenth-century New England.
According to the standard history of
philosophy n American philosophy ， nowhere else in
colonial America was “so much
pursuit n importance attached to intellectual
pursuits.”
preoccupation n According to many books and articles,
New England's leaders established the
unfold v basic themes and preoccupations of an
unfolding，dominant Puritan tradition in
Puritan n American intellectual life.
approach n
To take this approach to the New
Englanders normally means to start with
theological adj
the Puritans’ theological innovations and
their distinctive ideas about the church ---
distinctive adj - important subjects that we may not
neglect.
neglect vt
original adj
We may consider the original Puritans as
carrier n carriers of European culture, adjusting to
New World circumstances.
adjust vi
scene n
The new England colonies were the scenes
episode n
of important episodes in the pursuit of
widely understood ideals of civility and
civility n virtuosity.
virtuosity n
The early settlers of Massachusetts Bay
impressive adj included men of impressive education and
influence in England.
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There were political leaders like John
Winthrop, an educated gentleman, lawyer,
crown n
and official of the Crown before he
journeyed to Boston.
These men wrote and published
extensively adv extensively ， reaching both New World
and Old Worlds audiences, and giving
reach v New England an atmosphere of
intellectual earnestness（渴望求知）.
While few craftsmen or farmers, let alone
craftsman n dependents and servants, left literary
compositions to be analyzed, it is obvious
dependent n that their views were less fully
intellectualized.
Their thinking often had a traditional
superstitious adj
superstitious quality.
A tailor named John Dane, who
emigrated in the late 1630s, left an
sign n
account c of his reasons for leaving
England that is filled with signs.
frustration n Sexual confusion, economic frustrations,
and religious hope---- all came together in
decisive adj a decisive moment.
One wonders what Dane thought of the
sermon n careful sermons explaining the Bible that
he heard in Puritan churches.
commitment n religious commitment
clergyman n
As one clergyman learned in confronting
confront vt
folk along the coast who mocked that they
had not come to the New World for
folk n religion.
mock vt
motivate v
They were motivated by an illusory
prospect.
illusory adj
新题型
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Coinciding with the groundbreaking
coincide vi
theory of biological evolution proposed by
groundbreakin British naturalist Charles Darwin in the
adj
g 1860s, British social philosopher Herbert
Spencer put forward his own theory of
naturalist n biological and cultural evolution.
Spencer argued that all worldly
worldly adj
phenomena, including human societies,
changed over time, advancing toward
perfection n perfection.
American social scientist Lewis Henry
introduce v Morgan introduced another theory of
cultural evolution in the late 1800s.
Morgan helped found modern
anthropology n anthropology-the scientific study of
human societies, customs and beliefs-thus
anthropologist n becoming one of the earliest
anthropologists.
In the early 1900s in North America,
German-born American anthropologist
develop vt
Franz E Boas developed a new theory of
culture known as historical particularism.
Historical particularism gave new
particularism n
direction to anthropology.
But a number of anthropologists inthe
diffusionism n early 1900s also rejected the particularist
theory of culture in favor of diffusionism.
attribute vt Some attributed virtually every important
cultural achievement to the inventions of a
virtually adv few, especially gifted peoples.
reinforce vt
Durkheim proposed that religious beliefs
functioned to reinforce social solidarity.
solidarity n
In order to study particular cultures as
linguistics n completely as possible, he became skilled
in linguistics, the study of languages, and
anatomy n in physical anthropology, the study of
human biology and anatomy.
He argued that human evolution was
characterize v characterized by a struggle he called “the
survival of the fittest.”
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ritual n They also focused on important rituals that
appeared to preserve a people's social
preserve v structure, such as initiation ceremonies
that formally signify children's entrance
signify v into adulthood.
Categories of kinship changed as societies
kinship n
evolved.
pottery n
metallurgy n Farming, pottery making, and metallurgy
all originated in ancient Egypt and
originate v diffused throughout the world.
diffuse v
In fact, all of these cultural developments
separately adv occurred separately at different times in
many parts of the world.
翻译
incidental adj
In the former case the education is
incidental; it is natural and important, but
express adj
it is not the express reason of the
association.
association n
gratify vt
family life in the desire to gratify appetites
and secure family perpetuity
perpetuity n
Their aim is used to control and
enslavement n enslavement of others. （来自网易有道
词典）
Only gradually was the by-product of the
by-product n institution noted, and only more gradually
still was this effect considered as a
directive adj directive factor in the conduct of the
institution.
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Even today, in our industrial life, apart
from certain values of industriousness and
thrift, the intellectual and emotional
industriousnes
n reaction of the forms of human association
s
under which the world's work is carried on
receives little attention as compared with
physical output.
While it is easy to ignore in our contact
with them the effect of our acts upon their
disposition n
disposition it is not so easy as in dealing
with adults.
The need of training is too evident and the
pressure to accomplish a change in their
consequence n
attitude and habit s is too urgent to leave
these consequences wholly out of account.
We are thus led to distinguish, within the
distinguish v broad educational process which we
have been so far considering, a more
tuition n formal kind of education that of direct
tuition or schooling.
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