整理自：学长小谭
2011 考研真题单词（英语二）
（例句来源于考研英语真题）
说明：1. (pl.)代表复数形式。2.考研词汇的意思大部分比较抽象，建议结合短语例句理解
记忆。
完形填空
afford v
The Internet affords anonymity to its
anonymity n users，a blessing to privacy and freedom
of speech.
blessing n
explosion n But that very anonymity is also behind
the explosion of cyber-crime that has
cyber-crime n swept across the Web.
Can privacy be preserved while bring-
preserve v ing safety and security to a world that
seems increasingly lawless?
cyber-czar n Last month, Howard Schmidt, the na-
tion's cyber-czar, offered the federal
voluntary adj government a proposal to make the
Web a safer place – a “voluntary trusted
identity n identity” system.
The system might use a smart identity
credential n
card, or a digital credential linked to a
specific computer, and would authenti-
authenticate v cate users at a range of online services.
The idea is to create a federation of pri-
federation n
vate online identity systems.
Users could select which system to join,
registered adj
and only registered users whose identi-
ties have been authenticated could nav-
navigate v igate those systems.
Mr. Schmidt described it as a “volun-
ecosystem n
tary ecosystem” in which “individuals
and organizations can complete online
transaction n transactions with confidence, trusting
the identities of each other and the iden-
infrastructure n tities of the infrastructure on which the
transaction runs.”
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administration n
Still, the administration's plan has di-
vided privacy rights activists.
activist n
applaud v
Some applaud the approach; others are
concerned.
concerned adj
initiative n
It seems clear that such a scheme is an
initiative push toward what would even-
compulsory adj
tually be a compulsory Internet “driver's
license” mentality.
mentality n
Some computer security experts worry
that the “voluntary ecosystem” envi-
envision v
sioned by Mr. Schmidt would still leave
much of the Internet vulnerable.
阅读理解 Text1
For the rest of the decade she apparently
criticism n managed both roles without attracting
much criticism.
But by the end of 2009 Ms. Simmons
was under fire （受到攻击和批评）for
compensation n
having sat on Goldman's compensation
committee;
How could he have let those enormous
enormous adj bonus payouts(奖金支出).
Outside directors are supposed to serve
biased adj as helpful, yet less biased, advisers on a
firm's board.
They presumably have enough inde-
presumably adv pendence to disagree with the chief ex-
ecutive's proposals.
If the sky, and the share price, is falling,
outside directors should be able to give
weather v
advice based on having weathered their
own crises.
Then they simply checked which direc-
proxy n tors stayed from one proxy statement to
the next.
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departure n
They found that after a surprise depar-
ture, the probability that the company
subsequently adv
will subsequently have to restate earn-
ings increases by nearly 20%.
restate v
The likelihood of being named in a fed-
likelihood n eral class-action lawsuit also increases,
and the stock is likely to perform worse.
Although a correlation between them
leaving and subsequent bad perfor-
suggestive adj mance at the firm is suggestive, it does
not mean that such directors are always
jumping off a sinking ship.
But the researchers believe that outside
blow n
directors have an easier time of avoid-
ing a blow to their reputations if they
leave a firm before bad news breaks,
reputation n even if a review of history shows they
were on the board at the time any
wrongdoing occurred.
Firms who want to keep their outside di-
incentive n rectors through tough times may have to
create incentives.
Otherwise outside directors will follow
otherwise conj. the example of Ms. Simmons, once
again very popular on campus.
阅读理解 Text2
The recession threatened to remove the
recession n advertising and readers that had not al-
ready fled to the internet.
Newspapers like the San Francisco
chronicle v Chronicle were chronicling their own
doom.
commission n America's Federal Trade Commission
launched a round of talks about how to
launch v save newspapers.
Should they become charitable corpora-
charitable adj
tions?
subsidize v Should the state subsidize them?
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Even American newspapers, which in-
habit the most troubled corner of the
inhabit v
global industry, have not only survived
but often returned to profit.
margin n Not the 20% profit margins (利润空
间)that were routine a few years ago,
routine n but profit all the same.
Many papers stayed afloat by pushing
afloat adv
journalists overboard.
stay afloat 维持运营
overboard adv put sb/sth overboard 抛弃、甩掉某人、
某事
Some papers even had the nerve to（好
delivery n 意思做某事，有胆量做某事） refuse
delivery to distant suburbs.
Newspapers are becoming more bal-
anced businesses, with a healthier mix
revenues n
of revenues from readers and advertis-
ers.
American papers have long been highly
reliance n
unusual in their reliance on ads.
proportion n In Japan the proportion is 35%.
Not surprisingly, Japanese newspapers
stable adj
are much more stable.
The whirlwind that swept through
whirlwind n
newsrooms harmed everybody, but
much of the damage has been concen-
distinctive adj trated in areas where newspapers are
least distinctive.
bureau n
Foreign bureaus have been savagely cut
off.
savagely adv
But completeness is no longer a virtue
virtue n
in the newspaper business.
阅读理解 Text3
We tend to think of the decades imme-
prosperity n diately following World War II as a time
of prosperity and growth.
During the Depression and the war,
restraint n
Americans had learned to live with
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less，and that restraint, in combination
with the postwar confidence in the fu-
stylish adj
ture, made small, efficient housing pos-
itively stylish.
Economic condition was only a stimu-
stimulus n
lus for the trend toward efficient living.
The phrase “less is more” was actually
popularize v
first popularized by a German, the ar-
chitect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, who
like other people associated with the
Bauhaus, a school of design, emigrated
architect n to the United States before World War II
and took up posts at American architec-
ture schools.
These designers came to exert enor-
mous influence on the course of Ameri-
exert v
can architecture, but none more so than
Mies.
Mies's signature phrase means that less
signature n decoration, properly organized, has
more impact than a lot.
□超 Like other modern architects, he em-
laminated adj
ployed metal, glass and laminated
wood — — materials that we take for
granted （认为……理所当然）today
symbolize v but that in the 1940s symbolized the fu-
ture.
Mies's sophisticated presentation
masked the fact that the spaces he de-
sophisticated adj
signed were small and efficient, rather
than big and often empty.
The apartments in the elegant towers
Mies built on Chicago's Lake Shore
Drive, for example, were smaller - two-
elegant adj
bedroom units under 1,000 square feet -
than those in their older neighbors along
the city's Gold Coast.
But they were popular because of their
airy glass walls, the views they afforded
and the elegance of the buildings' de-
equivalent n
tails and proportions, the architectural
equivalent of the abstract art so popular
at the time.
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The trend toward “less” was not entirely
foreign adj
foreign.
In the 1930s Frank Lloyd Wright started
building more modest and efficient
houses - usually around 1,200 square
modest adj
feet- than the spreading two-story ones
he had designed in the 1890s and the
early 20th century.
The “Case Study Houses” commis-
sioned from talented modern architects
by California Arts & Architecture mag-
commission v
azine between 1945 and 1962 were yet
another homegrown influence on the
“less is more” trend.
aesthetic adj Aesthetic effect came from the land-
scape, new materials and forthright de-
forthright adj tailing.
In his Case Study House，Ralph Rapson
mechanical adj
may have mispredicted just how the
mechanical revolution would impact
acquire v
everyday life - few American families
acquired helicopters, though most even-
desirable adj tually got clothes dryers-but his belief
that self-sufficiency was both desirable
inevitable adj and inevitable was widely shared.
阅读理解 Text4
Now even the project's greatest cheer-
leaders talk of a continent facing a“ Ber-
cheerleader n muda triangle” of debt， population de-
cline and lower growth.
As well as those chronic problems, the
chronic adj
EU faces an acute crisis in its economic
core, the 16 countries that use the single
acute adj currency.
Markets have lost faith that the euro
converge v
zone's economies, weaker or stronger,
will one day converge thanks to the dis-
cipline of sharing a single currency,
devaluation n which denies uncompetitive members
the quick fix of devaluation.
Yet the debate about how to save Eu-
disintegration n
rope's single currency from
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disintegration is stuck.
stuck adj
It is stuck because the euro zone's dom-
dominant adj inant powers ， France and Germany,
agree on the need for greater har-
harmonisation n monisation within the euro zone, but
disagree about what to harmonise.
Germany thinks the euro must be saved
by stricter rules on borrowing, spending
quasi-auto-
adj and competitiveness, backed by quasi-
matic
automatic sanctions for governments
that do not obey.
sanction n These might include threats to freeze
EU funds for poorer regions and EU
suspension n mega-projects and even the suspension
of a country's voting rights in EU min-
ministerial adj isterial councils.
It insists that economic co-ordination
should involve all 27 members of the
rigour n EU club, among whom there is a small
majority for free market liberalism and
economic rigour.
intervene v
Translated, that means politicians inter-
vening in monetary policy and a system
redistribution n
of redistribution from richer to poorer
members, via cheaper borrowing for
fiscal adj governments through common Euro-
bonds or complete fiscal transfers.
transfer n
Finally，figures close to the French gov-
murmur v
ernment have murmured , euro-zone
members should agree to some fiscal
and social harmonisation: e. g., curbing
curb v competition in corporate- tax rates or la-
bour costs.
remarkably adv
At its best, the European project is re-
markably liberal.
liberal adj
It is an ambitious attempt to blunt the
blunt v
sharpest edges of globalization, and
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make capitalism benign.
benign adj
新题型
Leading doctors today weigh in on the
weigh in v
debate over the government's role in
promoting public health by demanding
that ministers impose “fat taxes” on
impose v unhealthy food and introduce cigarette-
style warnings to children about the
dangers of a poor diet.
But senior medical figures want to stop
figure n
fast-food outlets opening near schools,
restrict advertising of products high in
outlet n
fat, salt or sugar, and limit sponsorship
of sports events by fast-food producers
sponsorship n such as McDonald's.
halt v They argue that government action is
necessary to curb Britain's addiction to
spiral v unhealthy food and help halt spiraling
rates of obesity, diabetes and heart dis-
diabetes□
超
n ease.
Professor Terence Stephenson, presi-
Paediatrics□
超
n
dent of the Royal College of Paediatrics
and Child Health, said that the con-
sumption of unhealthy food should be
excessive adj seen to be just as damaging as smoking
or excessive drinking.
“Thirty years ago, it would have been
inconceivable to have imagined a ban
inconceivable adj
on smoking in the workplace or in pubs,
and yet that is what we have now.
Lansley has alarmed health campaign-
alarm v
ers by suggesting he wants industry ra-
ther than government to take the lead.
campaigner n （带头，为首）
He said that manufacturers of crisps and
candies could play a central role in the
centerpiece n Change4life campaign, the centerpiece
of government efforts to boost healthy
eating and fitness.
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He has also criticized the celebrity chef
celebrity n
Jamie Oliver's high-profile attempt to
improve school lunches in England as
an example of how “lecturing” people
lecture v was not the best way to change their be-
haviour.
Stephenson suggested potential re-
potential adj
strictions could include banning TV ad-
vertisements for foods high in fat, salt
billboard n or sugar before 9 pm and limiting them
on billboards or in cinemas.
If we were really bold we might even
begin to think of high-calorie fast food
in the same way as cigarettes-by setting
bold adj strict limits on advertising, product
placement （产品植入；植入式广告）
and sponsorship of sport events," he
said.
Such a move could affect firms such as
McDonald's, which sponsors the youth
scheme n
coaching scheme run by the Football
Association.
Fast-food chains should also stop offer-
inducement n
ing “inducements ”such as toys, cute
animals and mobile phone credit to lure
lure v young customers, Stephenson said.
If children are taught about the impact
that food ha as on their growth, and that
available adj
some things can harm, at least infor-
mation is available up front.
He also urged councils to impose fast-
urge v
food-free zones around schools and
hospitals-areas within which takeaways
takeaway n cannot open.
A Department of Health spokesperson
said: “We need to create a new vision
vision n for public health where all of society
works together to get healthy and live
longer.
The food industry will be alarmed that
back v
such senior doctors back such radical
moves, especially the call to use some
radical adj of the tough tactics that have been
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deployed against smoking over the last
tactics n
decade.
deploy v
翻译
Who would have thought that, globally,
volume n
the IT industry produces about the same
volume of greenhouse gases as the
emission n world's airlines do-roughly 2 percent of
all CO2 emissions?
A Google search can leak between 0.2
leak v
and 7.0 grams of CO2, depending on
how many attempts are needed to get
attempt n the “right” answer.
To deliver results to its users quickly,
then, Google has to maintain vast data
maintain v
centres round the world, packed with
powerful computers.
monitor v However, Google and other big tech
providers monitor their efficiency
efficiency n closely and make improvements.
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